Transcript Grammar by Diagram - Harrison High School

Grammar by Diagram
CONVENTIONS: (ELA9C1, a.b.c.)
The fun way to learn grammar
Jamison/Harrison High School
The Eight Parts of
Speech
• Words are the basic building block of any
language. One way to begin analyzing a
language, then, is to classify each word as
belonging to a distinct category and to
determine how the categories work
together to make meaning.
• Most of you are already familiar with the
parts of speech. Just for fun, see if you
can list them right now……
Parts of Speech…
• Noun – Person, place, thing, or idea
• Pronoun – takes the place of the noun
– Categories: personal (nominative or
subjective) reflexive or intensive,
possessive, impersonal, interrogative,
demonstrative, relative.
• Verb – Shows either action
(transitive or intransitive) or state
of being (be verb or linking verb).
Parts of Speech…
• Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun
and answers – 1. which one? 2. how many?
3. what kind?
• Adverb: Modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
– Answers-1. how? In what manner? 2. under
what condition? 3. when? 4. where?
• Preposition: relates a noun or pronoun
(the object of the preposition) to the
rest of the sentence; every prep phrase
acts as either an adjective or an adverb.
– Must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase.
Parts of Speech…
• Conjunction: connects words, phrases, or
clauses.
– Coordinating, subordinating, correlative,
conjunctive.
• Interjection: Expresses emotion
As neat and tidy as this organizational
system seems, though, we must beware
of assuming that each word in English
can be tucked neatly into one of these
categories and remain there. Part of
what makes English such a dynamic
language is that the same word can be
used as more than one part of speech.
Categories of Nouns…
• Noun: Person, place, thing, or idea.
– Abstract: intangible entities such as
justice, love, philosophy, etc.
– Concrete: tangible entities such as
house, tree, computer., etc.
– Proper: If individualized and therefore
capitalized – The Declaration of
Independence, Sally.
– Common: declaration, independence, girl.
Now you try…
Copy the passage, then underline
the nouns in the following
passage.
“The governess insisted that the children
should not be allowed to indulge their
whims. She instructed the butler, Percy
Shaw, to ignore their complaints; as she put
it, “These spoiled darlings need to learn the
meaning of discipline!”
Pronoun…
• Takes the place of a noun…
• Categories:
– Personal: Nominative or subjective pronouns:
the form used for the subject of a sentence or
for the subjective complement.
• Subject – She is here.
• Sub. Comp. – Who is she?
– Objective: the form used for the direct
object, indirect object, or object of a
preposition.
• DO: Joe understands me.
• IO: Sally bought him a present.
• Ob. Of Prep: The company will do anything for them.
Pronouns…
• Reflexive: the form used to refer back to the
antecedent (a noun or pronoun used earlier in the
sentence). Reflexive pronouns are necessary for
clarity of meaning; intensive pronouns are optional
forms used for emphasis.
– Reflexive: Mrs. Jamison found herself alone in the room.
– Intensive: The students themselves painted by ceiling
tile.
These categories (nominative, subjective,
objective, and reflexive/intensive, are personal
pronouns because they relate to the three
“persons” of English grammar (first, second,
third).
Possessive Pronouns…
• The form used to show possession of a
noun. Possessive pronouns have two forms,
depending on whether they are acting as
free-standing pronouns or as determiners
before a noun. As determiners they act as
adjectives because they provide more
information about the noun that follows.
– First person: Mine/Ours
– Second person: Yours/Yours
– Third person: his, hers, its/theirs
Impersonal Pronouns…
• Indefinite pronouns: used to take the
place of a noun which cannot be names
specifically.
– Anyone, someone, everyone, no one, anybody,
somebody, everybody, nobody, anything,
something, everything, nothing.
• Reciprocal Pronouns: indicate reciprocity,
either singular or plural.
– They love each other.
– They love one another.
– Joe and Samantha get on each other’s nerves.
Impersonal Pronouns…
• Interrogative Pronouns: “who,” “whom,”
“whose,” “which,” and “what” when used
to begin a question.
– What is the name of this object?
– Which is the painting that you just bought?
– Whose is this?
• Demonstrative Pronouns: Used to point
out a specific noun. There are only four
demonstrative pronouns: “this” “these”
“that” and “those”.
This is a dirty shirt.
These are terrible tests!
Impersonal Pronouns…
• Relative Pronouns: begin a relative,
or adjective, clause.
– Who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose.
• The police officer who helped us was
extremely courteous.
• That piano, which has been in storage during
the winter, needs to be tuned.
• Do not trust a wild animal that has been
caged.
Now you try…
•
Name the nine kinds of pronouns…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subjective
Objective
Reflexive
Possessive
Indefinite
Reciprocal
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Relative
Now you Try…
Underline the pronouns in the following passage.
Then see if you can take the next step and
categorize each pronoun as well…
“That is not acceptable,” proclaimed the
schoolmaster, rocking himself emphatically
back and forth on his heels. “I want to know
the person who is responsible for this
suggestion. Should students have the right
to determine their own grades? It is a
preposterous idea! I will assign grades to
you as I see fit, and anyone wishing to
argue with me may do so. Grades are my
prerogative You will not grade yourself, nor
will you grade one another. Who would
ever think of such a thing?”
Here are the pronouns. See if you
identified all of them.
“That is not acceptable,” proclaimed the
schoolmaster, rocking himself
emphatically back and forth on his heels.
“I want to know the person who is
responsible for this suggestion. Should
students have the right to determine their
own grades? It is a preposterous idea! I
will assign grades to you as I see fit, and
anyone wishing to argue with me may do
so. Grades are my prerogative You will
not grade yourself, nor will you grade
one another. Who would ever think of
such a thing?”
“That 1 is not acceptable,”
proclaimed the
schoolmaster, rocking
himself 2emphatically back
and forth on his 3heels. “I 4
want to know the person who
5 is responsible for this 6
suggestion. Should students
have the right to determine
their 7own grades? It 8is a
preposterous idea! I 9will
assign grades to you 10as I
11 see fit, and anyone 12
wishing to argue with me
13may do so. Grades are my
14 prerogative You 15will
not grade yourself 16, nor
will you 17grade one
another 18. Who 19 would
ever think of
such a thing?”
1. That-demonstrative
2. Himself – reflexive
3.
his – possessive, function here as
adjective
4.
I – Nominative or subjective
5. Who – relative
6.
this – demonstrative, functioning as
adjective
7.
their – possessive, adjective
8.
it – nominative or subjective
9.
I – nominative
10. you – objective
11. I – nominative
12. anyone – indefinite
13. me – objective
14. my – possessive
15. you – nominative
16. yourself – reflexive
17. you – nominative
18. one another – reciprocal
19. who – interrogative
Verbs…
Verbs are the most complex of the
eight parts of speech. It is essential
to identify verbs and to classify
them in order to determine the
function of other elements in the
sentence.
– Active: Mrs. Jamison threw the pen.
– Passive: The pen was thrown by Mrs.
Jamison.
Definition and Categories of Verbs…
• A verb shows either action or state of being
(existence). Note that sometimes the “action”
does not involve physical motion, as in “we slept”
or “Mrs. Jamison considered the idea.”
• Action verbs can either be transitive or
intransitive.
– Transitive: verbs that are followed by an object
indicating who or what receives the action.
• He kicked the ball.
• She waved her hand.
– Intransitive: verbs are not followed by an object.
• He kicked.
• She waved.
State of being verbs and
linking verbs..
• Present Tense: I am, You are, He, she, it
is, we are, you are, they are..
• Past Tense: I was, you were, he, she, it
was, we were, you were, they were.
Linking Verbs: Can be replaced by a form of be
without substantially changing the meaning of the
sentence.
They seemed happy.
The soup tasted good.
The soup smelled good.
I become sleepy around midnight.
Leaves turn red in the fall.
Verb Phrases…
Verbs often appear in phrases, making it
more difficult to determine which
category of very you are dealing with.
When you see a verb phrase, the last
word in the phrase determines whether
you have an action or state of being
verb. The last word in the verb phrase is
the main verb; the other verbs, those
leading up to the main verb, are called
auxiliaries or helping verbs. They allow us
to express various shades of meaning,
including tense.
Auxiliaries…
Four types of verbs can be used as
auxiliaries:
1. Modals: (shall, should, will, would, can,
could, may, might, must, have to, had to,
ought to)
2. Forms of have: (has, have, had)
3. Forms of be: (as, is, are, was, were,
being, been)
4. Forms of do: (does, do, did)
Now you try…Identify the verb phrase
(action or state-of-being) and state
whether it is transitive or intransitive…
•
•
•
•
Mrs. Jamison has been dancing.
The teacher is being unreasonable.
My sister is feeling happy.
My sister is feeling her boyfriend’s
biceps.
• The toddler should have been eating
at the table.
• Mrs. Jamison has been dancing.
– Action/Intransitive
• The teacher is being unreasonable.
– State of being
• My sister is feeling happy.
– State of being/linking verb category
• My sister is feeling her boyfriend’s biceps.
– Action/Transitive
• The toddler should have been eating at the
table.
– Action/Intransitive