Transcript rent his house for a movie

Infinitives and
Gerunds
What is an infinitive?
to
verb
How
How
do
do you
you
form
the
an infinitive?
negative?
Where
areform
the infinitives?
• I want to eat lunch after class.
• I would like to see a movie this weekend.
• I often forget to write thank-you notes.
not to
verb
Common verbs that come before
Infinitives
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
want
need
would like
would love
hope
expect
plan
intend
mean
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
decide
promise
offer
agree
refuse
seem
appear
pretend
forget
•
•
•
•
learn (how)
try
(can’t) afford
(can’t) wait
Infinitives
Can be affirmative or negative:
• They decided to go.
• They decided not to go.
Negative (not to + verb)
Infinitives can be used as the
subject of sentences…
… but I recommend using
gerunds instead!
By the way, I also
recommend BBC’s
animated Shakespeare:
Hamlet, Part 1 –
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=j-S0M1PkNcQ
Infinitives
Can be active or passive
• I need to heat the food.
• The food needs to be heated.
.
Infinitives
Can have progressive and perfect forms;
• I don’t expect to be living here next year.
(= I don’t expect that I will living here next
year.)
He claims to have seen a UFO.
(=He claims that he saw a UFO.)
How
What
do
form
a gerund?
a gerund?
WhatGERUNDS!!!
areyou
theisunderlined
words?
• I enjoy reading on the weekend.
• I am thinking about going to New York this
summer.
• I first considered moving to the U.S. three
years ago.
verb
-ing
It is the –ing
form of a verb
that acts like a
noun.
Common Verbs that come before gerunds…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
enjoy
finish
stop
quit
mind
postpone
put off
keep (on)
•
•
•
•
consider
think about
discuss
talk about
Choose 3 and make your
own sentences.
Subj + Verb + Gerund
Complete these sentences with a
gerund or gerund phrase
• It was cold and rainy yesterday, so we postponed
going to
________________
the zoo.
• The Porters’ house is too small. They’re
buying
considering _________________
a bigger house.
traveling to
• We discussed ________________
Colorado for
our vacation.
Practice
A: Would you like to
go for a walk?
B: Has it stopped
______________?
raining
A: Yes.
B: Let’s go.
Practice
A: I’ve been having a lot
of trouble with my old
car. I’m thinking about
________
buying a new one.
B: Do you think you’ll
get a BMW?
A: No, I’m considering
___________
a
getting
Honda.
Practice.
A: What do you
usually do in your
free time in the
evening?
B: I enjoy
__________
a good
reading
book.
Practice
A: Good news! I feel
great. I don’t cough
anymore, and I can
breathe more
easily.
B: Oh?
A: I quit __________.
smoking
B: That’s wonderful!
Practice
A: I’ve been working on
this math problem for
the last half hour, and
I still don’t
understand it.
B: Well, don’t give up.
Keep __________.
If
trying
at first you don’t
succeed, try, try
again.
Practice
A: Are you a
procrastinator?
B: A what?
A: A procrastinator.
That’s someone who
always postpones
________ things.
doing
B: Oh. Well, sometimes
I put off _________
doing
my homework.
Practice
A: What are you doing?
B: I’m helping Teddy
with his homework.
A: When you finish
__________
him,
helping
could you help me in
the kitchen?
B: Sure.
Practice
A: Could you please
stop doing that?
B: Doing what?
whistling
A: Stop __________.
It’s driving me crazy!
Practice
A: Do you have any
plans this weekend?
B: Henry and I talked
about _________
to
going
the zoo on Saturday.
Practice
A: I didn’t understand
what you said.
Would you mind
_________
repeating that?
B: Of course not. I
said, “Three free
trees.”
go + gerund
go hiking
go skating
go bowling
go jogging / go running
go sailing / go boating
go skiing
Complete the sentences with an infinitive…
• I’m planning
________________
to go to
Chicago next week.
• I’ve decided
______________
a
to rent
new apartment.
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund
OR an infinitive
• I began to learn English when I was 15 years
old.
What is this?
an infinitive
• I began studying at CyFair College 2 years ago.
What is this?
a gerund
Common Verbs Followed by a Gerund
or an Infinitive:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
begin
start
continue
like
love
hate
can’t stand
Examples:
•I continued studying English
after I moved to the United
States.
•I continued to study English
after I moved to the United
States.
Gerund or Infinitive or Both?
to study
• I need ________________
tonight. (study)
cooking
• I enjoy _______________
fancy meals. (cook)
to talk / talking about her
• Ellen started _________________
problem. (talk)
Gerunds after prepositions
• be + adjective + preposition + gerund
OR
• verb + preposition + gerund
Prepositions can only followed by
Prepositions
Gerunds
gerunds,before
never infinitives!!
• I am afraid of swimming in the ocean.
– subject + be-verb + adjective + preposition + gerund
• I plan on studying English next semester.
– subject + verb + preposition + gerund
• I apologized for being late yesterday.
– subject + verb + preposition + gerund
• I am good at playing soccer.
– subject + be-verb + adjective + preposition + gerund
Which preposition follows?
• looking forward
• thank (someone)
• worry
• be interested
• apologize
• be afraid
• be nervous
• be excited
• insist
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
to
for
about
in
for
of
about
about
on
Which preposition follows?
• dream
• feel
• forgive (someone)
• be tired
• believe
• plan
• be responsible
• stop (someone)
• be good
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
about
like
for
of
in
on
for
from
at
Complete the sentences…
• I believe ________
(tell) _________________
in
telling
the truth no matter what.
• I wish the weather would get better. I’m tired
of
being
________
(be) ______________
inside all the
time.
How are “by” and “with” used?
To show how something is done
• I have tried to improve my health by dieting.
by + gerund
• I sometimes travel by taxi.
by + noun
• I did my taxes with an online program.
with + noun
Common Uses of “by” and “with”
by
• by + gerund
• means of transportation
– by plane
– by car
– by foot
• means of communication
– by mail
– by phone
– by email
• others
– by hand*
with
• instruments
– with an axe
– with a broom
• parts of the body
– with her finger
– with her hand
with or by?
with
• I opened the door ____________
a key.
by
• I went to Cherryville __________
bus.
with
• I dried the dishes ___________
a
dishtowel
by
• I went to Portland __________
train.
Gerunds as Subjects
• Speaking English is easy.
• Watching scary movies is fun.
• Going shopping is something I like to do.
•Usually the first word of the sentence.
•Always SINGULAR
It + Infinitive
• It is fun to ride horses.
• It is easy to bake a cake.
• It is difficult to spell English words.
It is the subject of the sentence.
Common: It + be-verb + adjective + infinitive phrase
These sentences mean the same
thing…
• Speaking English is easy.
• It is easy to speak English.
• It is fun to ride horses.
• Riding horses is fun.
Change this to a gerund as subject
sentence…
• It is important to get daily exercise.
Getting daily exercise is important.
• It isn’t hard to make friends.
Making friends isn’t hard.
Practice
• A: Read the sentence to your partner.
A: It is easy to cook rice.
• B: Tell your partner the same sentence as a
gerund as subject sentence.
B: Cooking rice is easy.
Practice
• A: Read the sentence to your partner.
A: Having good friends is
important.
• B: Tell your partner the same sentence as an it
+ infinitive sentence.
B: It is important to have
good friends.
It is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase
• It is important for you to study.
• It is important for Mary to study.
• It isn’t necessary for us to go to the meeting.
• It is impossible for a dog to talk.
Change to:
It is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase
• Students should do their homework.
for students to do their homework
– It’s important _____________________________.
• Teachers should speak clearly.
for teachers to speak clearly
– It’s important _____________________________.
Complete each sentence with your
partner…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
It’s easy for _____ to _____.
It’s traditional for ____ to _____.
It’s impossible for _____ to ______.
It’s difficult for _____ to ________.
It takes ____ minutes to ______.
It takes patience to ________.
It takes a lot of money to ____.
Practice
• A: Why did you go to the
language lab?
• B: I went to the language
lab to practice my
pronunciation.
Practice
• A: Why are you wearing
that hat?
• B: I’m wearing this hat in
order to stay warm.
Expressing Purpose with Infinitives
• I went to the post office because I wanted to
mail a letter.
• I went to the post office to mail a letter.
• I went to the post office in order to mail a
letter.
Why did you call the hotel desk?
• I called the hotel desk…
(in
order)
to
a. keep their feet warm and
dry
b. listen to a ball game
c. ask for an extra pillow
d. help her pay the rent
“I called the hotel desk (in order) to ask for an extra pillow.”
Using “for” to express purpose
• I went to the post office for some stamps.
• for + noun phrase
• Incorrect:
– I went to the post office for to buy some stamps.
– I went to the post office for buying some stamps.
to or for?
for
• I went to Chicago _________
a visit.
n.
to
• I went to Chicago _________
visit my aunt and
uncle.
v.
to
• I take long walks _______
relax.
v.
for
• I take long walks ________
relaxation.
n.
Using Infinitives with
Too and Enough
• too + adjective + (for someone) + infinitive
That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.
• enough + noun + infinitive
I don’t have enough money to buy
that car.
• adjective + enough + infinitive
Jimmy isn’t old enough to go to
school.
We can’t go swimming today. It’s
very cold.
cold
go swimming
• It’s too __________
to __________________.
I couldn’t finish my homework last
night. I was very sleepy.
sleepy
finish my homework
• I was too __________
to _________________.
This jacket is very small. I can’t
wear it.
small
wear
• This jacket is too ___________
to _________.
Mike couldn’t go to his aunt’s
housewarming party. He was very busy.
• He was too busy to go.
I live far from school. I can’t walk there.
• I live too far to walk to school.
Some movies are very violent. Children
shouldn’t watch them.
• Some movies are too violent for children to
watch.
I can’t reach the top shelf. I’m not
that tall.
tall
reach
• I’m not ________
enough to ___________
the
shelf.
I can’t lift a horse. I’m not that
strong.
strong enough to ___________
lift
• I’m not ________
a
horse.
It’s not warm today. We can’t go outside in
shorts and sandals.
• It’s not warm enough to wear shorts and
sandals.
I didn’t stay home and miss work. I wasn’t
really sick, but I didn’t feel good all day.
• I wasn’t sick enough to miss work.
too
enough
Ø
too
Ø
• Alan is ___________
smart ___________
to
make that kind of mistake.
enough
Ø
• Alan is ___________
smart ____________
to
understand how to solve that problem.
Complete each sentence with your
own information…
• I’m too short to ________.
• I’m not strong enough to ________.
• Last night I was too busy to ________.
• I don’t have enough money to ________.