Transcript cheap holiday Morocco

Infinitives and Gerunds
Infinitives and Gerunds
In beginning English grammar, we usually teach
that :
• some verbs are followed by infinitives,
• some verbs are followed by gerunds,
• and some verbs can be followed by either.
That is true but the real situation is a little more
complicated…
encourage
Take the verb encourage for example. It is usually
on the list of verbs followed by gerunds:
• City officials encourage (to recycle, recycling).
However, encourage can be followed by an
infinitive if there is a intervening noun or
pronoun:
• City officials encourage citizens
(to recycle, recycling)
Verbs Followed by Infinitives, Pattern 1
verb + infinitive
Examples
• He appears to be healthy.
• I didn’t agree to clean the
windows.
NOTE: Pattern 1 verbs never
have a noun/ pronoun
before the infinitive:
that
toI
å He demanded me
X
work overtime.
to itdofor
it.him.
to do
√X• I offered him
Pattern 1 verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
appear
agree
care
claim
decide
deserve
demand
hesitate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
learn
neglect
offer
pretend
refuse
seem
tend
wait
Infinitives, Pattern 2
verb + noun phrase + infinitive
Examples
• I allowed the children to stay
up late.
• I warned you not to come.
NOTE: Pattern 2 verbs are not
followed directly by the
infinitive… unless they are
passive:
√
X
youto
not
to come.
I warned not
come.
You were warned not to come.
Pattern 2 verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
advise
allow
cause
command
convince
encourage
forbid
force
hire
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
invite
order
permit
persuade
teach
tell
trust
urge
warn
Infinitives, Pattern 3
Verbs that can use either Pattern 1 or Pattern 2
Examples
• I expect to arrive at 9 a.m.
• I expect you to arrive at 9 a.m.,
too.
• I want to get up early.
• I want you to get up early, too.
• I intended to do it myself.
• I didn’t intend for you to do it.
Pattern 3 verbs
• arrange (for)
• ask
• expect
• intend (for)
• need
• want
Exercise 11, p. 99
verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive
1. John will write a long letter once a week.
Mary has requested this. 
Mary has requested John to write a long
letter once a week.
2. John might postpone his trip until next year.
Mary would prefer this.
Mary would prefer John to postpone his trip
until next year.
(OR: Mary would prefer that John postpone
his trip until next year.)
Exercise 11, p. 99
verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive
(Note in No. 3 that, if the subject of the two sentences doesn’t change,
the infinitive directly follows the verb .
3. She will try to visit him while he’s there. She
has decided this. 
She has decided to try to visit him while he’s
there.
4. She was upset by his plans. He didn’t expect
this.
He didn’t expect her to be upset by his plans.
Exercise 11, p. 99
verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive
5. John got a very cheap ticket. Mary’s father
arranged this. 
Mary’s father arranged for John to get a very
cheap ticket.
6. John didn’t apply for a passport. He
neglected this. 
John neglected to apply for a passport.
Exercise 11, p. 99
verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive
7. John will report to the police when he arrives.
French law requires this. 
French law requires John to report to the
police when he arrives.
OR: French law requires that John report to
the police when he arrives.
8. Mary will begin to study French herself. John
has encouraged this. 
John has encouraged Mary to begin to study
French herself.
Exercise 11, p. 99
verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive
9. Mary feels hurt that John is leaving. John
never intended this. 
John never intended for Mary to be hurt that
he was leaving.
Gerunds, Pattern 1
verb gerund
Examples
• I avoid traveling during
the Chinese New Year
holiday.
• The student admitted
copying the material
from the Internet.
• I can’t help thinking
about what you said.
Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
admit
avoid
can’t help
consider
deny
give up
include
•
•
•
•
•
•
keep on
practice
quit
recommend
resist
suggest
Gerunds, Pattern 2
verb gerund --OR-- verb + noun phrase + infinitive
Examples
Pattern 2 verbs
• I don’t advise taking the
advanced course unless
you have a good
background in grammar.
• OR
• I don’t advise you to take
the advanced course
unless you have a good
background in grammar.
•
•
•
•
•
advise
allow
cause
encourage
forbid
•
•
•
•
invite
permit
teach
urge
Infinitives, Pattern 3
Verb + (noun phrase) + gerund
Examples
Verbs
• I can’t imagine
spending that much
money on one meal…
• …and I can’t imagine
you spending that
much either.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
anticipate
appreciate
consider
delay
dislike
don’t mind
enjoy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
excuse
imagine
miss
tolerate
postpone
resent
understand
Exercise 9, p. 115
verb + (noun phrase) +gerund
1. Johns sings a funny song whenever he sees
her. Mary will miss this. 
Mary will miss John singing a funny song
whenever he sees her.
2. He wants to become really fluent in French.
Mary doesn’t really understand this. 
Mary doesn’t really understand him wanting
to become really fluent in French.
Exercise 9, p. 115
verb + (noun phrase) +gerund
3. He applied to the program without
consulting Mary. She resents this. 
Mary resents John’s applying to the program
without consulting her.
4.She will not have a chance to talk with him
every day. She’s not looking forward to this.

She ’s not looking forward to not having a
chance to talk with him every day.
Exercise 9, p. 115
verb + (noun phrase) +gerund
5. John is leaving in two weeks. He is quite
excited about this. 
John is quite excited about leaving in two
weeks.
6. John needs at least three weeks to get a
passport. He didn’t anticipate this. 
John didn’t anticipate needing at least three
weeks to get a passport.
Exercise 9, p. 115
verb + (noun phrase) +gerund
7. This will make his departure even later than
expected. John wanted to avoid this. 
John wanted to avoid making his departure
even later than expected.
Exercise 12, p. 118-119
(Read the notes on p. 117 about forget, try, remember, stop first!)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
to avoid/ avoiding
talking
to pick up
to talk/ talking
smoking
to bring
playing, to prefer playing
eating
Exercise 13, p. 119
1. doing
2. doing
3. making
4. playing
5. singing
6. to keep busy
7. trying
8. to improve
9. practicing
10. to spend
11. collecting/ to collect
12. reading
13. writing
14. to be
15. reading about
16. making
17. decorating
18. making
19. carving
Exercise 14, p. 119
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
to fill
to stop
working on
watching
playing
to be forgotten
7. to be passed on
8. to prefer
9. to be
10. disappearing
11. doing
12. spending