Transcript File - Mrs. Gentry`s English Class

Gerunds, Participles,
Infinitives
Warm up- please write the
sentences out
1. What is the correct way to punctuate
this sentence?
• There are a couple reasons why I did not
go trick or treating last night I had too
much homework and my costume ripped.
• 2. Choose the words that best fit the
sentence.
• Which one of the kids know/knows how to
write an essay good/well?
9th warm up
• Which is the correct way to write the underlined
part of this sentence?
Yesterday, my mother said she
could of put the dishes in the dishwasher.
• A. she would of
• B. she could have
• C. she might of
• D. Leave as is.
Learning Objective
• SWBAT:
• Classify gerund, participial, infinitive,
and prepositional clauses.
Participle
• The participle is a word that is formed from a verb but used
as an adjective. Participles are used to combine ideas to
make a sentence concise:
• Here is an example. These sentences are considered
independent clauses; they each have a subject and verb
and are independent ideas.
• Because both of these sentences have the same
subject, these sentences can be combined by using a
participle; the sentence becomes more effectively
expressed by becoming concise:
s
v
The student concentrated.
s
v
adj n
She wrote a clever story.
This sentence can be combined in
different ways to be more effective:
• Two independent clauses joined by a semi-colon:
s
v
s
v
adj
n
• The student concentrated; she wrote a clever story.
OR…
Take the verb in the first clause and turn it into a participle,
an adjective that describes the subject:
participle
s
v
adj
n
Concentrating, the student wrote a clever story.
***This sentence effectively combines both ideas. Ooo… aahh
Participial Phrase
• The participial phrase includes the same participle
that describes the subject, but adds another
descriptor such as an adverb that describes the
participle, or an adverbial prepositional phrase that
describes the participle:
participle
adv
• Concentrating intently, the student wrote a clever story.
Concentrating intently is a participial phrase;
sentences that begin with a participial phrase
ALWAYS use a COMMA!
Sentence Structure of the Week:
• Introductory participial phrase that
describes the subject in an independent
clause:
Participial phrase
Independent clause
Concentrating intently, the student wrote a clever
story.
REMEMBER: The difference between a phrase and a clause is simply this…
The phrase NEVER has a subject and verb, the clause ALWAYS has a
subject and verb.
• 1. Hurriedly fastening his backpack, Joe rushed
off to school.
• 2. The frozen fish was an easy meal for Jim to
cook.
• 3. Staring at the items on the sales rack, Jill
could not make a quick decision.
• 4. The car, damaged by the hailstorm, was taken
to the body shop.
• 5. The woman wearing the blue sweater is
Jack’s mother.
Gerund
• A gerund is a verb that ALWAYS ends in
-ing that is used as a noun
N/sub/gerund
lv
adj
pred. noun
• Swimming is her favorite activity.
n/sub/gerund
v
adj
noun/d.o
• Studying requires mental energy.
Gerund Phrase
• A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is
used as a NOUN; the gerund phrase takes any
descriptors and modifiers it may have:
s/gerund phrase
lv
adj
adj
n/pred nom
• Skiing the slopes is a popular winter sport.
Pro
adj
s
lv
gerund phrase/pred nom
• My favorite activity is writing about my life.
s
v
adv prep
n/o.p. prep gerund phrase/ o.p.
• He signed up for a class in cooking Italian cuisine.
NOTICE: NO COMMAS ARE USED WITH GERUNDS AND GERNUND PHRASES!
• 1. Raising the funds proved to be a difficult task.
• 2. Camping at Coleto Creek was the Smith
family’s annual summer vacation.
• 3. Joseph hoped to obtain a job by learning the
welding trade.
• 4. The Moreno family loves cooking for relatives.
• 5. I am able to earn money by working in the
campus library.
Infinitive Phrase
• An infinitive is a verb form preceded by “to”
• An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive with
its descriptors and modifiers:
• NEVER SPLIT AN INFINITVE!
sub/Infinitive phrase
h.v.
Lv
pred adj
To swim across the English Channel must be difficult.
s/infinitive lv p.n/infinitive prep
adj
n/o.p.
To read is to escape into another reality.
INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES CAN FUNCTION AS: NOUNS,
ADJECTIVES, OR ADVERBS
Identify the infinitive phrases
• Adena wants Sam to learn to change a tire.
• She is tired of having to do all of the minor car chores herself.
• She expects him to take a course on performing minor car
maintenance.
• She thinks it's a good idea for him to learn to do things for
himself.
• To motivate Sam, Adena promised to buy him a dashboard
ornament when he completed the course successfully.
• Last Friday Sam went to the high school to sign up for the car
repair course.
• It was too late for Sam to register for the course.
• Adena told Sam that he could not expect to receive any more
presents from her for a long time.
Kinesthetic Activity
• Directions: You and your partner will get
an envelope. In each envelope, you will
find ten sentences. For each sentence,
decide whether or not it has an example of
a participle, gerund, or infinitive. Based on
its classification, place it in the correct box
on your graphic organizer.
• Copy the example down in your
notebooks.
Graphic Organizer
Participle
Gerund
Infinitive
Sentences in your envelopes
• 1. Jennifer’s goal was to graduate from the University of HoustonVictoria.
• 2. John’s favorite outdoor activity is skiing.
• 3. Going on a cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore were Rachel’s
summer vacation plans.
• 4. Dancing with the famous instructor, Dillon felt like a star.
• 5. Animals dumped in the streets often become a menace.
• 6. The girls love to swim at Julie’s house.
• 7. Watching the birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies.
• 8. Janice, baking 10 cakes for the festival, accidentally burned one
of them.
• 9. Working out daily should be an essential part of American life.
• 10. I have a book to return to the library.
Answers
• 1. Jennifer’s goal was to graduate from the University of HoustonVictoria. I
• 2. John’s favorite outdoor activity is skiing. G
• 3. Going on a cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore were Rachel’s
summer vacation plans. G
• 4. Dancing with the famous instructor, Dillon felt like a star. P
• 5. Animals dumped in the streets often become a menace. P
• 6. The girls love to swim at Julie’s house. I
• 7. Watching the birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies. G
• 8. Janice, baking 10 cakes for the festival, accidentally burned one
of them. P
• 9. Working out daily should be an essential part of American life. G
• 10. I have a book to return to the library. I