Transcript Chapter 1 Information Technology: Principles, Practices, and

Chapter 2
Essentials of Computing
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CSIS-116: Survey of Information
Technology
• This week’s Agenda
– Finish Chapter 1
– Start Chapter 2
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Definition (Continued)
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Hardware
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Hardware
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Hardware: Input Devices
• Input Devices
– Keyboards
– Point-of-sale terminals
– Mouse
– Image scanners
– Bar code scanners and wands
– Microphones
– Prerecorded sources
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Hardware: Input Devices
• Instead of thinking about input devices as
computer components,
• Think of input devices as part of a business
processes.
• Used to Capture information?
• What are the 5 other functions of IT?
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Hardware: Input Devices
• Input Devices
– Bar Code: A computer-readable code
consisting of bars or lines of varying widths
or lengths.
– Wand: An input device used to read a bar
code and input this information directly into
a computer.
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Hardware: Processing
• Processor (CPU): A set of electronic circuits that
perform the computer’s processing actions.
• Chip: A collection of electronic components in a very
small, self-contained package.
• System Board (Mother Board): The system unit in a
microcomputer, located on a board mounted on the
bottom of a computer base.
• Primary Storage (Main Memory or RAM): Storage within
the computer itself. Primary memory holds data only
temporarily, as the computer executes instructions.
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Hardware: Output Devices
• Output Devices:
– Control a printer
– Direct a display
– Control another device
– Generate sounds
– Initiate transmission of information
• Which of the six IT Functions primarily uses
output Devices?
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Hardware: Secondary Storage
Devices
• Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Storage):
– Diskettes
– Zip Disks
– Hard Disks
– Optical Disks
– Magnetic Tape
• Which of the six IT Functions primarily uses
output Devices?
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Hardware: Secondary Storage
Devices
• Magnetic Disks: A general term referring to two
types of storage disk: the flexible/floppy disk
and the hard disk.
• Zip Disks: Similar to diskettes, but housed in a
hard plastic case. These disks can store 70 to 175
times more and can store and retrieve data more
quickly than diskettes.
• Read Only: A type of disk that information can be
read from but not written onto.
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Hardware: Secondary Storage
Devices
• CD-ROM disk: Short for “compact disk – read
only memory,” an optical storage medium that
permits storage of large amounts of
information. CD-ROM disks can only be written
to and cannot be erased.
• DVD: What is the difference between CD-ROMs
and DVDs
• CDRW: What does it stand for? What is the
real difference?
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Hardware: Peripheral Equipment
• Peripheral Equipment: A general term used for
any device that is attached to a computer
system.
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Programs
• Program:
– A set of instructions that directs a computer to
perform certain tasks.
• Software:
– Same as a program (jargon)
• Operating System:
– Program that controls a computer’s programs and
hardware/peripheral devices.
• Windows
• UNIX
• Linus
• Mac OS
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Programs: Software Packages
• Software Package:
– An application that focuses on a particular subject,
such as word processing, and is sold to businesses
and the general public.
• Software Suite:
– A combination of software packages sold together.
– The packages are often integrated
• Documentation:
– An instruction manual that accompanies software.
Also, a technical, detailed written description of the
specific facts of a program.
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Programs: Software Packages
• Spreadsheet:
Excel, Lotus123, Visicalc
– Row column tabulation.
– Useful for doing calclations and generating
information for raw data
– Not useful for storing tons of data
• Database:
Access, Oracle, Sybase
– Manages data
– (usually) in relational tables
– Can do calculations
– Useful for storing large amounts of data
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Programs: Software Packages
• Word Processing:
Word, WordPerfect, Adobe FrameMaker
– Formatting text documents
– Often integrated with spreadsheets
• Desktop Publishing:
QuarkXpress, Adobe PageMaker
– Same as Word Processing but more features for
– Page layouts
– Integrated graphics
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Programs: Software Packages
• Graphics Presentation Program:
PowerPoint, Harvard Graphics
– Emphasis on integrating graphics, images, charts,
for live presentation.
• Photo Editing Program:
Adobe Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro
– Editing existing photos or images
• Illustration Program:
Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, FreeHand
– Emphasis on drawing/illustrating original
compositions
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Programs: Software Packages
Things not mentioned in the book
• Web Publishing/Website Management:
Dreamweaver, FrontPage, Adobe GoLive
– Editing HTML documents
– Creating web page content and navigation
– Managing website structure
• Messaging, Calendaring and Scheduling:
• Outlook, Lotus Notes
– Group calendaring and scheduling
– Client contact database
– etc.
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Programs: Software Packages
Things not mentioned in the book
• Accounting Software:
PeachTree, MAS90, Quickbooks
– Technical/Organization Diagrams, Flow Charts, Ect.
• Audio Editing
– Acid Wave Audio, CakeWalk
• Video Editing:
Adobe Premiere, Apple iLife, Roxio VideoWave
– For creating web graphics
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Programs: Software Packages
Weird Software
• Microsoft Visio:
– Technical/Organization Diagrams, Flow Charts, Ect.
• Microsoft Project:
– organizing, tracking, and maintaining budget control
of projects.
• Macromedia Fireworks:
– For creating web graphics
• Macromedia Flash:
– For creating web movies
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Programs: Software Packages
• Information System or Management Information System
(MIS): A business information system designed to
produce the information needed for successful
management of a structured problem, process,
department, or business.
• Transaction Processing: A shared business information
system that uses a combination of information
technology and manual procedures to process data and
information and to manage transactions.
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Programs: Software Packages
• Software Trends
– Greater use of prewritten software packages.
– Greater user of prewritten components.
• Object-oriented Programming:
– Software development combining data and
procedures into a single object.
• Object:
– A component that contains data about itself and how
it is to be processed.
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Information
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People
• User (End User): The people who uses IT in
their jobs or personal lives.
– Hands-on users
– Indirect end users
– User managers
– Senior managers
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People
• Information Technology Professional: A person who is
responsible for acquiring, developing, maintaining, or
operating the hardware associated with computers and
communications networks.
– Programmers
– Systems Analysts
– System Designers
– Web Designers
– Project Managers
– Network Specialists
– Trainers
– Computer Operators
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People
• Programmer/Analyst:
– A person who has joint responsibility for
determining system requirements and
developing and implementing the systems.
• Data Center (Computer Center):
– A facility at which large and midrange
computer systems are located. These
systems are shared by many users who are
interconnected with the system through
communications links.
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People
• Computer Engineer:
– An IT professional who designs, develops,
and oversees the manufacturing of
computer equipment.
• Systems Engineer:
– An IT professional who installs and
maintains hardware.
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Procedures
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Procedures
• Operations Procedure:
– A procedure that describes how a computer system
or application is used, how often it can be used, who
is authorized to use it, and where the results of
processing should go.
• Backup Procedure:
– A procedure that describes how and when to make
extra copies of information or software to protect
against losses.
• Recovery Procedure:
– An action taken when information or software must
be restored.
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Procedures
• Security Procedure:
– A procedure designed to safeguard data centers,
communications networks, computers, and other IT
components from accidental intrusion or intentional
damage.
• Security Software:
– Software that is designed to protect systems and
data.
• Development Procedure:
– A procedure that explains how IT professionals
should describe user needs and develop applications
to meet those needs.
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Systems
• System:
– A set of components that interact to
accomplish a purpose.
• Single-User System (Personal Computer):
– An IT system used by only one person. A
system that stands alone and is not
interconnected with other companies or
shared by other people.
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Systems
• Multi-user System:
– A communication system in which more
than one user share hardware, programs,
information, people, and procedures.
• To share a computer
• To share hardware
• To share software
• To share information
• To share communications
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Information Processing
• Capture
– Input
– Cut & Paste
– Upload/Download
• Uploading: The process by which information is
sent from a PC to a mainframe.
• Downloading: The transfer of information from a
central system to a desktop computer.
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Information Processing
• Processing
– Compute
– Update
• Batch Processing: The grouping and processing
of all transactions at one time.
• Real-time Processing: The processing of each
transaction as it occurs.
– Classify
– Sort
– Summarize
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Information Processing
• Generate
– Output
– Print
– Display
– Issue
• Storage and Retrieval
– Inquire
– Save
– Store
– Retrieve
• Transmit
– Email
– Also
• Uploading
• Downloading
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