Transcript apreformation0506

Why the Reformation?
 Renaissance Popes- too concerned with
worldly affairs
 Church abuses:
 excessive
lifestyle
 clergy and nepotism
 illiteracy and uneducated
 Alex VI- 5 kids before Papacy
 People expected higher standards
 strict
standards
Three disorders:
1. Clerical immorality – non-practitioners of
celibacy; drunkenness, gambling, etc
2. Clerical ignorance – uneducated, illiterate
3. Clerical pluralism / absenteeism – holding many
positions (benefices) at once, collecting incomes
for all, and being absent from parishes or sees.
*The mixing of civil service / clerical jobs –
treasurers, royal councilors, diplomats, judges
A Call for Reform – some attempts
• Many lower level spiritual groups and individuals
called for reform at this time: Cardinal Francisco
Jimenez de Cisneros in Spain; The Brethren of the
Common Life” in Holland, became a true religious
Revival; processions, pilgrimages, bequeathing money
to the church in wills.
• Pope Julius II called the ecumenical council from
1512 – 1517. They wanted higher standards for
education, and elimination of bureaucratic corruption.
• The Imitation of Christ – devotional book by Thomas
Kempis - mimic simple life of Christ
Dissent not Crushed
 Laity more knowledgeable
 Postal service, printing press spread
information
 Literacy increased
 Rome lost some control over church
offices (Pragmatic Sanction / Concordat)
 City, regional govt. growing
Protestants
 “protesters”
 Religious thinkers who challenged the
authority of the Catholic Church
 Began the Reformation- movement to reform
the Church
 John Wycliffe, Jan Hus- early reformers who
believed church worldly and corrupt
Early Calls for Reform
 John Wycliffe (1330-1384)

Questioned the authority of the
pope
 Jan Hus (1370-1415)

Criticized the vast wealth of the
Church
 Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)

Attacked corruption in the Church
Sale of Indulgences
 Indulgences= Church pardons
 Sold
for profit (fundraising)
 Took the place of good works for
forgiveness of sin
 People believed they were guaranteed
entrance into heaven
 Began as reward for service in the
Crusades
Johann Tetzel – Sermon on
Indulgences
“letters of safe conduct from the vicar of our
Lord Jesus Christ”
“Each mortal sin = seven years penitence after
Confession either in this life or purgatory”
• If you buy these indulgences, you are cleared of all
Penalties and sins
Martin
Luther
Martin Luther
 Leader of protest against the Church
 German monk
 Challenged Church to debate in 95
Theses
 Oct.
31, 1517 nailed to the Church in
Wittenberg
 Tetzel- selling indulgences to rebuild St.
Peter’s in Rome
Protestant Teaching:
Justification by Faith Alone
 The Bible is the
only source of
truth.
 People can read
and understand
the Bible
themselves.
Luther’s Bible
 Salvation comes
only through faith
in Christ.
Luther’s Fate
 1521 Luther was excommunicated
 Ordered to give up his beliefs
 Luther burned order
 Luther called to Imperial Assembly in
Worms by the Holy Roman Emperor,
Charles V
 Luther
declared outlaw and heretic
 Luther goes into hiding in Germany
(Frederick of Saxony) where he translates the
Bible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0
Luther Gains Followers
 Reasons: (political and religious)
 People liked idea of reading the Bible for
themselves
 People supported attacks on Church
 German princes hoped to gain Church land
 German princes wanted to show independence
from Holy Roman Emperor
 Peasants wanted reform and lower Church taxes
(wanted Luther’s support in revolting against
princes)
Peasant Revolts
Follow Luther’s changes
Take
away prince’s power
Issues: laws, customs, taxes
Goals: political & economic rights,
release from serfdom
Luther’s Response
 Sympathized but NO support
 Not
social revolutionary
 “Un-Christian”
 Supported princes right to crush
 “Render to unto Caesar what is
Caesars”- Luther did not support the
revolt
Germany - background
• German empire lacked strong central power –
Golden Bull of 1356 legalized government of seven
Electors. This ended elections within the empire and
decentralized power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
• Holy Roman Emperor (not to be confused with
the Pope) is chosen by the electors and is the heir of
Hapsburg Family. 19 year old Charles V.
*House of Hapsburg was created when Maximilian I
And Mary of Burgundy were married and united both
The Netherlands/Belgian area, Spain, and Austria.
Spain
Austria
HRE
Burgundian
Netherlands
PLUS New
World
Possessions
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Hapsburg-Bugundian marriage upsets the French
because they believe the Burgundian territory is
rightfully French territory.
Even after the Treaty of Arras in 1482, there were
several skirmishes (Maximilian-HRE vs Louis XIFrance), many of which occurred within
Germany.
This continued through the reign of Charles V. This
conflict evolved from political war into a partially
religious in nature.
Revolts in Germany
 Luther urges German princes to revolt; princes
use Protestantism as justification for rebellion
against HRE
 HRE Charles V uses military measures
 Turns
on Protestant German princes
 Protestant German Princes form
Schmalkaldic League as defensive alliance
 Had
taken land from Church
 Charles ultimately had no help from Catholic
princes
Response to Protests
 Charles needs the support of all of his princes
to help in the fight against the Turks who invade
Vienna in 1529.
 In 1530, Charles V orders all princes to imperial
Diet in Augsburg
 People
must revert back to Catholicism
 Church will get land back
 In 1555, Charles gives in and grants the Peace
of Augsburg – “he who owns lands determines
religion”
 Lutheranism,
Catholicism
 Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed
Response to Protests
 Charles was not happy with peace
 Wanted
unity, not division
 Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism,
chivalry, Church)
Other Reformers
Zwingli
 Led Swiss Reformation, the “People’s
Priest”
 Erasmus’ New Testament
 End celibacy, clergy had right to marry
 Believe only what has Scriptural proof
 Tradition and practices questioned
 Transubstantiation
(consubstantiation)
 Purgatory
 Sermon
not Eucharist was more important
Calvinism
 1536 John Calvin, a
French religious
scholar, joined
reformers in Geneva,
Switzerland and
developed Protestant
belief system called
Calvinism
 Huguenots- French
Calvinists
Calvin’s teachings
 Bible is the supreme authority in matters of
faith
 Men & women are insignificant and sinful by
nature
 Predestination- belief certain people are
chosen by God for salvation, the “elect”
 Only way to enter heaven
 Hard work, devotion might be signs of God’s
grace
 Salvation can not be earned
Calvinism in practice
Publishes The Institution of the Christian
Religion (1536, 1559)
 Geneva was a holy city
 Role of government: Theocracy
 Supervise
people’s lives- live strictly and solemnly
 Those who challenged teachings were persecuted
or exiled (religious dissenters were “dogs and
swine”)
 Missionaries used
 Huguenots= French Calvinists
Anabaptists
 Greek “to rebaptize”
 Radical Protestant group originating in
depressed urban areas (Germany)– pacifism
 Ancestors of Quakers, Amish & Mennonites
 NO infant baptism
 Human freedom reflected in adult baptism;
religious tolerance
 Admitted women to ministry
John Knox
 Scottish Protestant
 Brought Calvin’s ideas to Scotland,





nobles support ideas (weakens the
power of the monarch [James V])
1560 (wanted to copy Henry VIII)
Laid foundations for Presbyterian
Church
Presbyters (elders)- laymen who
governed community church (not
bishops)
Book of Common Order
Predestination
English Reformation
English Protestantism
 Earliest demands for reform were in
England
 Reform connected with struggle for
political power
 Henry VIII - Act of Supremacy 1534
Henry VIII
 Second son of Henry VII
(1509-1547)
 After his elder brother Arthur died, Henry
became heir to the throne.
 Spain and England wanted to keep their
alliance, even w/ Arthur’s death, so Henry
married Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow
Henry claimed that God punished him by
denying him a legitimate male heir – in
Leviticus, God does threaten childlessness if
a man marries his brother’s widow…so
Henry came to see this marriage as
cursed…
The Break…
 Catherine of Aragon only had a daughter
(5 children had died)
 Henry wanted annulment
 Fear:
repeat of War of Roses if no heir
 Result: wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but
Church said no
 Pope refused favor: Pope Clement VII was
taking orders from HRE Charles V
(Catherine’s nephew)
Henry VIII (Tudor 1509-1547)
 Problem: Catholic Church did not allow
divorce, Pope Clement VII refused to
annul marriage
 Result: Henry took steps to remove
England from Pope’s authority
 Thomas Cranmer- Protestant,
appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
who annulled marriage
Catherine
of
Aragon
Anne
Boleyn
Pope
Clement VII
Thomas CranmerThe Archbishop of
Canterbury
Wrote the Book of
Common Prayer
Henry VIII…
 Devout Catholic when young
 Detested Luther, called him “A great
limb of the Devil”
 Pope called Henry “Defender of the
Faith”
 Politics would change religious
views
Around the Pope…
 Ask Parliament to pass law taking away
Pope’s power in England
 Reformation Parliament- met only when King
called
 1533 King married Anne (daughter - Elizabeth)
 1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of
the Church of England
 King collected Church moneys
 Clergy appointed by king
 King and Parliament gain power
The Results…
 Chancellor Sir Thomas More
refuses to accept Act of
Supremacy
 “I
honor my King but I honor my
God more”
 More is beheaded
 Henry closes monasteries,
confiscates land (1/3 of land in
England)
 Catholics
are prosecuted
 Land is sold to nobles
The Great Malvern Priory was built in 1085, and averted
destruction by Henry VIII in 1541 when the townspeople
bought it for 20 pounds, and was a working monastery for
over 450 years.
Protestant Reformation
 Protestantism grew as a return to
Catholicism would take nobles’ land away
 Henry remained Catholic - insisted on no
changes in rituals and doctrines (celibacy,
ornaments)
 Thus was born Church of England, or the
Anglican Church (ancestor of
Episcopalian denomination)
Henry’s Wives
#1 – Catherine of Aragon (divorced) –
Originally married to Henry’s brother Arthur. 1
daughter (Mary)
#2 – Anne Bolelyn (beheaded) – Mistress –
married after he got a divorce Catherine. 1
daughter (Elizabeth). She could not produce
a Male heir, so Henry looked elsewhere ….
Henry’s Wives
#3 – Jane Seymour (died – natural
causes) 1 son (Edward VI)
#4 - Anne of
Cleves –
lasted 6
months
Henry’s Wives
#5 - Catherine
Howard, a 17 year
old, who was
beheaded for
adultery
#6 - Catherine Parr – final wife
- she got along well with all the
children
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c
Edward VI
Mary I (Bloody Mary -1553-1558)
 Edward VI- dies shortly after
coronation
Mary was the daughter of Henry
VIII and Catharine of Aragon.
 As Queen she attempted to
restore Catholicism, and she
married the young Philip from
Spain.
 She also had more than 300
Protestants killed.
 None of these actions was
popular with the now firmly
entrenched Protestant England
Bloody
Mary
Elizabeth I
(1558-1603)
 The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn, she became England’s
greatest leader.
 She kept control of England by refusing to
marry anyone and playing one noble against
another – many hoping to marry the Queen.
 Elizabethan Settlement – parliamentary
legislation requiring “outward” CoE
conformity
• 1563 – Thirty-Nine Articles – basic tenants
of the CoE
 She kept religious wars down, advanced
exploration, became a patron of the arts, and
brought England to the position of world
power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Elizabeth I
Other Countries
• Ireland – 1536 – Irish Parliament approves laws
Severing the church from Rome making the
English monarch supreme sovereign over ecclesiastical
Matters; met with Irish resistance (North v South)
• Northern Europe – 1520 Sweden and Norway become
Independent from Denmark; Sweden implements
Lutheran doctrine; King of Denmark also adopts
• Eastern Europe – Lutheranism spread from Germany
But initially met resistance in Bohemia from King
Ferdinand I (Charles V’s brother).
• Poland-Lithuania & Hungary– very ethnically diverse;
Lutheranism opposed by Polish king because of anti-German
sentiment, but accepted Calvinism; Protestanism spread in
Hungary but Catholicism was restored later under Hapbsurg
rule.
REVIEW: Beliefs of
Protestants
 Bible provided all guidance
 People should read Bible to find path to faith
 People shouldn’t rely on Pope for interpretation of
Bible
 Changes needed in Church services
 Clergy should be allowed to marry
The Catholic Reformation: aka Trying to
stay Relevant through “stimulation of new
spiritual fervor” (reforms)
AND
The Counter-Reformation:
aka The Church Strikes Back – reaction to
Protestant Reformation, attempts to
convince people to come back to the
Catholic Church (punishments)
Pope Issues
• Clement VII – more interested in material /worldly
possessions and luxurious lifestyle than the spread of
Protestantism.
• Rome is sacked by Charles V in retaliation for the
Pope’s lack of support during the Hapsburg-Valois
Wars (marks the “end” of the Renaissance)
• Clement VII becomes political prisoner of Charles V.
• Popes also feared councils set up to reform the church.
Counter-Reformation
 Catholic Church began to reform and take
action to spread Catholicism
 Council of Trent, 1545-1563, convened by
Pope Paul III, held in Italy
 Established council to reform the church yet
also established an Inquisition in papal
states…..
Pope
Paul III
(Santa?)
Council of Trent
 Met intermittently between 1545 – 1563
 Representatives from all nations invited
 Ok’d by Charles V; opposed by French kings
 Council (Conciliarists) vs the Pope
 Reforms to correct abuses:
 Sale of indulgences banned
 Tightened discipline for clergy; suppressed
pluralism
 Only worthy people enter clergy
 Seminaries established to train clergy
 Encouraged reform of monasteries and convents
 Encouragement and practice of lay literacy
Council of Trent
 Continued beliefs:
 Only Church could explain Bible
 Faith and good works needed for salvation
 Rejected Lutheran and Calvinist views on
transubstantiation
 Pope highest and final authority
 Marriage as a sacrament but now more
strict rules (public vows & witnesses)
 No reconciliation with Protestantism
Jesuits
 Society of Jesus
 Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in
1540
 Duties:
 Keep
Catholics in Church
 Persuade Protestants to return
 Evangelical missions all over the world
Ignatius
of
Loyola
Ignatius
of
Loyola
with
Pope
Paul III
Women in Reformation
 Education – both Catholic and
Protestant wrote on religious issues
 Reform for Catholic nuns – Angela
Merici (Ursuline) and Teresa Avila
(Carmelite)
 Protestantism interests in middle
class
 Vernacular
& nationalism (anti-Rome)
Congregation of the Holy
Office - 1542
-Committee of six cardinals with jurisdiction over all
Catholics and Inquisition in Rome
- It accepted hearsay evidence and sometimes
used methods of torture and harsh punishments
- Published the Index of Prohibited Books in Rome
but not outside in other Italian states (did not inhibit
secular learning from those areas).
Effects of Reformation
 Religious unity of Europe gone
 State strengthened at expense of Church
 Spread of education
 Printing Press, Jesuits, etc
 Middle-class strengthened as Protestant work
ethic virtue spread
 Catholic church reformed from a corrupt
institution to more of an emphasis on mission
and evangelical work
Crash Course – Protestant
Reformation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o8oIELbNxE