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THE MIDDLE AGES
RVCS World History
THE VIKINGS
 The Vikings—These feared invaders were known as “Norsemen” (Men
of the North). They were Germanic tribesmen who lived in
Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (but not
Finland).
 Target of Destruction: Churches (but why?)
 From Feared Pillagers to Family—Although the Vikings pillaged
numerous European villages from A.D. 800-1100, eventually they
intermarried, and by 1100 Scandinavia was “Christianized.”
NORSE MYTHOLOGY
 [Video] http://www.history.com/shows/vikings/videos/viking-gods
 Norse Mythology—Scandinavians believed in multiple gods, mostly with some tie
to the natural world. For example, Thor was the hammer-wielding, human
defending god of thunder.
 [Days of the Week]
MAGYARS & SLAVS
 Magyars—The Magyars were a group of Asiatic nomads who later became known
as the Hungarians.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hROjI_xL2Zw
 Slavs—This was a people group, north of the Magyars, that dwelt in a vast
territory across eastern Europe. These men and women composed the origins for
many countries, including Russia.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfe1wEQzSzM
FEUDALISM
• Feudalism—It was the
form of government in
western Europe from the
9th to 13th centuries.
• Fiefs—These were land
grants, in which people
worked. Lords oversaw
the work of the serfs.
_____
______
____________
___________________
• Why Feudalism?—
Theoretically, it was a
system that benefited
everyone. The king
maintained unity, the lords
provided work for the serfs
(but the lords also were able
to get work accomplished
through the serfs), and the
knights provided protection.
FEUDALISM
King
Lords
Knights
Serfs
KNIGHTHOOD
 Training—A boy’s preparation for knighthood, physically and
intellectually, would have begun at age 7. As a teenager, he would
become a squire—a personal servant of a knight. At age 21, he
became eligible for knighthood.
 Chivalry—This was a code of behavior that essentially taught: a
knight would be brave in battle, he would be skillful with his
weapons, and he would be honorable to his lord.
 Tournament—This was a set of contests that included the joust and
the melee.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4ovVbk4hP0
THE MANOR
 The Manor—The manor was where most people lived during the Middle Ages.
Since trading declined, many people exchanged goods within the manor instead
of using money.
 Classes—During the Middle Ages, the highest social status belonged to the clergy
and the nobility. A majority of the people, however, were serfs (which is where we
get the term, “slave”).
 The Castle—It was the center of life for the nobility. A lord lived there, but it also
served as the local jail, the treasury, the armory, the court, and the seat of
government. It also eventually became a defensive fort.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6CbMSU8HX8
ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX
 Cistercians—Monks of this order adopted lives of seclusion and strict discipline.
They wore rough garments, abstained from meats, and worked hard in the fields.
 Bernard of Clairvaux—One of the most famous Cistercian monks, Bernard was
critical of the worldliness in the church and in society (including fellow
Cistercians).
 The Knights Templar—This Christian/military/financial order was influential during
the Crusades. It was Bernard that helped organize the Knights Templar.
 [video] http://www.history.com/topics/crusades/videos/origins-of-the-knights-templar
THE COLLEGE OF CARDINALS
 Electing the Pope—Throughout much of the Middle Ages, the responsibility for
choosing the Pope had largely been given to Roman nobles or German kings. This,
of course, was a problem for many people who believed that a group of Christian
leaders should have that responsibility.
 The College of Cardinals—This was created so that churchmen could choose the
popes. Prior to this innovation, the Catholic Church had numerous Popes that
were weak rulers, and in some cases, morally irresponsible.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWQ_KmZc5a4
ST. FRANCIS & ST. DOMINIC
 Friars—Members of these orders renounced worldly possessions, and pledged
themselves to lives of poverty. They relied on the giving of others in order to
survive.
 St. Francis of Assisi—He was the son of a rich merchant, and founder of the
Franciscan Order of friars. While still a young man, Francis was inspired by the
story of the Rich Young Ruler, wherein Jesus said, “If you want to be perfect, go,
sell what you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and
come, follow Me.” Francis took this passage to heart and followed this instruction.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYynL7fH0P8
 St. Dominic—This Spanish monk founded an order that focused on education, the
“Dominican Order.” According to Dominic, educating Christians was the best way
to combat heresy.
POPE INNOCENT III
 Innocent III—Papal power and prestige arguably reached its peak
under Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). He stated, “The moon derives
her light from the sun, and is in truth inferior to the sun in both size
and quality, in position as well as effect. In the same way the royal
power derives its dignity from the [papal] authority.”
 The Inquisition—Soon after Innocent III’s papacy, another pope,
Gregory IX (1227-1241) organized the Inquisition. This group of
Catholics (usually Dominicans) was dedicated to uncovering and
punishing heretics.
THE GERMAN KINGDOM
 The Franks—After the death of Charlemagne, his grandsons divided the empire of the
Franks. In East Frankland, the rulers were weak and often overwhelmed by the
Magyars. West Frankland, however, eventually became France.
 Dukes—The threatening situation caused local leaders called “dukes” to assume the
role of protectors.
 Henry the Fowler—German nobles selected the Saxon duke, Henry the Fowler, to
serve as king. He was named so because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when
messengers arrived to tell him that he had been selected to be king. Overall, Henry
was successful in defending his territory, and even expanding it eastward.
 Otto I—He was the son of Henry who expanded the kingdom even more so. For his
success, this king has been remembered as “Otto the Great.” He even went on to
become a Holy Roman Emperor.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=marWrPeFBdU
ENGLAND’S ORIGINS
 Alfred the Great—As king of the Angles and Saxons, he helped ward off the
invading Danes. After his powerful reign, he helped unify the English monarchy.
 Edward the Confessor—A descendant of Alfred known as Edward the Confessor
helped drive out the Danish yet again. Edward died in 1066, however, causing
confusion as to whom would occupy the throne.
 Battle of Hastings—On October 14, 1066, a war broke out between William, duke
of Normandy (and cousin of Edward), and Harold, earl of Wessex (elected by the
English nobles). The duke of Normandy is now remembered as “William the
Conqueror” for his victory and in establishing the Norman dynasty.
 [video, 1066] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8
ROBIN HOOD
 [video, 0-20 min.] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg1ts675WGk
 Robin Hood—He was a vigilante that likely lived in England during the reign of
King Richard the Lionheart (Richard I). Richard, while not tremendously well-liked
in history, did fight in the Third Crusade.
 Legacy of Robin Hood—The longbow was his trusted weapon, and he was known
for stealing from the rich and giving to the poor.
 Opinion Question: Was Robin Hood right to steal from the rich and give to the
poor? Why, or why not?
MAGNA CARTA
 King John—After King Richard the Lionheart’s death, King John I was elevated to
the English throne. Throughout his reign, John struggled against the French king,
the pope, and the English nobles.
 The Magna Carta—This document, meaning “Great Charter,” was legalized in
1215. It established the principle that the king’s power is limited and is not above
the law.
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xo4tUMdAMw
FRANCE’S ORIGINS
 West Frankland & Hugh Capet—After Charlemagne, the kingdom of West Frankland
broke up into many feudal realms. Hugh Capet, one of the greatest lords and also count
of Paris, was eventually chosen as king of France (a small region around Paris at the
time).
 Philip II—This king, from 1180-1223, greatly extended the French kingdom, despite
opposition from England.
 Louis IX—He was the grandson of Philip II, and had an enormously successful reign. His
own personality that consisted of piety and fairness certainly helped his credibility.
After dying on a crusade in North Africa from a disease, he was remembered as “Saint
Louis.”
 Philip the Fair—Philip IV, also known as Philip “the Fair” (for his physical appearance),
helped establish the French throne as being an “absolute monarchy.” The three estates
(or classes) called the Estates-General were begun under his leadership.
PHILIP THE FAIR
ST. LOUIS VIDEO
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5j4QyejvRA
EAST-WEST SCHISM VIDEO
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaXcpq_w7fc
THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH
 Rome vs. Constantinople—There had been numerous problems between Latinspeaking Christians in the West and Greek-speaking Christians in the East for quite
some time. Some of the problems were the result of poor translating, which led to
misunderstandings. But a greater problem was the fight over regional power. In
other words, Constantinople was in much better shape than Rome—“why should
Rome have authority over them?” some of the Eastern Christians thought.
 The East West Schism of 1054—A papal messenger from Rome walked into a
service in the Hagia Sophia (in Constantinople) and placed a letter of
excommunication onto the communion table. In return, the Patriarch of
Constantinople renounced the Pope.
 The Eastern Orthodox Church—Usually, when someone refers to a Christian from
the “Orthodox Church,” they are referring to the Eastern Orthodox Church, which
has multiple branches such as the Greek or Russian Orthodox Church.
THE CRUSADES (INTRO VIDEO)
 [Video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQUMaWgumkU
THE CRUSADERS (MOTIVATIONS)
 Holy War or Military Crusade?—The Crusades have been greatly debated for
hundreds of years, with numerous interpretations. Clearly, there were religious
motivations, as evidenced by the fact that fighters were promised indulgences
(pardoning of “temporal punishment” in purgatory). But numerous Islamic
empires had arisen, which were threatening to Europe: the Seljuk Turks, the
Abbasid Caliphate, and the Umayyad Caliphate.
 Other Motivations—Perhaps European Christians were also motivated by the
possibility of obtaining money and land, especially as most volunteers were serfs
(peasants).
THE CRUSADERS (CAMPAIGNS)
 Summary—In all, there were eight major crusades, and several smaller
campaigns. They sometimes dealt with the retaking of holy sites, but many times
a crusade was simply a military attack. Generally speaking, these crusades were
supposed to help the Byzantine Empire fight against the increasingly powerful
Islamic kingdoms.
 The First Crusade—On this crusade that included 100,000 people, both Antioch
(1098) and Jerusalem (1099) were recaptured by “Christendom.” While in
Jerusalem, Catholic Christians killed Muslims, Jews, and even other Christians.
 The Kings’ Crusade (Third Crusade)—After the leader of the Turks named Saladin
had retaken Jerusalem, Pope Innocent III called for another crusade. Multiple
kings fought in this crusade, but it ultimately ended with a truce.
THE CRUSADERS (CAMPAIGNS CONT’D)
 The Fourth Crusade—On this crusade, Catholics from Venice had organized an
enormous navy. They arrived at Constantinople in 1204, but not to fight Muslim
invaders. Rather, the Venetians pillaged the city, killed Eastern Orthodox
Christians, and set up a Latin Empire.
 The Children’s Crusade—Although the historical nature of this crusade has been
debated, the legend goes that children were sent off to fight in one of the
crusades, but were never heard from again.
 Winners & Losers—The question of who “won” and who “lost” the Crusades is
highly debatable. But there are some pretty clear conclusions: the Crusades
ultimately harmed the Byzantine Empire (despite its original purpose) but
revitalized Rome’s power in the East. While Islamic powers may have suffered
some setbacks during this time, within 300 years, they would take over much of
the Byzantine Empire.
VIDEO RECAP
 [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqKUimr8