Transcript Chapter 11 A Century of Suffering, Plague, War, and

Chapter 11
A Century of Suffering, Plague, War, and
Schism
Context
• Before the fourteenth c.
• Kings submitted
themselves to the
Church’s authority
• Growing
internal/external forces
The Road to Avignon
PART I
Pope St. Celestine V
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Benedictine monk
Poor beggar
Wore a chain of iron
Fasted every day (but Sunday)
Reluctant to take papal office
Lacked training, education,
patience
• Resigned as pope after only one
year
Pope Boniface VIII
• Annulled official acts
of Pope Celestine
• Not dealing with
Faith and morals
• Confined Pope
Celestine to prevent
a schism
Pope Boniface VIII
• Lacked diplomacy
• Used papacy to try and force secular rulers under his
temporal authority
• Attempted to gain the attention of the kings with
pageantry
• Marched in parade with two swords (temporal/papal)
King Philip the Fair
• Did not admire the
Church
• Goal was to extend the
boundaries of France
• Taxed the
Church/confiscated
Church lands to fund
his wars
• Neglected the fact that
the Church was
pardoned from taxation
Pope Boniface VIII’s Response
Clericis laicos :
… and if they shall-pay, or if the aforesaid persons
shall receive, they shall be, by the act itself, under
sentence of excommunication. From the aforesaid
sentences of excommunication and interdict.
moreover, no one shall be able to be absolved,
except in the throes of death, without the authority
and special permission of the apostolic chair; since
it is our intention by no means to pass over with
dissimulation so horrid an abuse of the secular powers.
King Philip’s Response
• In a move to gain
authority over the
Church in France,
Philip had the pope
arrested
Pope Boniface VIII’S Reaction
Unum Sanctum:
However, one sword ought to be subordinated to
the other and temporal authority, subjected to
spiritual power. For since the Apostle said: 'There is
no power except from God and the things that are, are
ordained of God' [Rom 13:1-2], but they would not be
ordained if one sword were not subordinated to the
other and if the inferior one, as it were, were not led
upwards by the other.
• No one can be “saved” unless under the authority
of the pope
King Phillip’s Reaction
• Called own council to
condemn the pope
• Pope Boniface
• Charged with idolatry
and magic
• Tortured and
humiliated by French
authorities
Context of the Avignon Papacy
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After death of Boniface Italy was in turmoil
Italian families ruled Rome
Italian independent states began to form
Bl. Benedict XI succeeded the papal throne (died eight
months later)
The Avignon Papacy
• King Phillip persuaded the
Papal commission to
appoint his childhood
friend, Bertrand de Got
(Clement V)
• To avoid the chaos of
Rome
• Clement established his
papacy in the city of
Avignon
The Avignon Papacy
• King Philip
• Tried to get Clement to declare Boniface a heretic and
revoke all his anti-regal acts
• Clement refused, but allowed an inquisition into the
Knights Templar
Gallicanism
• Favored restraint of the pope’s authority in favor of the
bishops and the temporal ruler
• Did not contest the primacy of the pope
• Believed to be more aligned with Scripture regarding
primacy of the pope
Gallicanism
• The King had a say in
Ecclesiastical affairs
• The French Roman Catholic
Clergy
• Favored less papal power
and the achievement of
each nation of individual
autonomy
The Black Plague
PART II
Famine and Black Death
• Famine hit for first time in
200 years
• Prosperity and increase in
life expectancy led to a
population boom
• Large population/bad
weather led to shortage of
food
Famine and Black Death
• Lack of food = malnutrition
• Malnutrition = susceptibility to disease
• Those who survived starvation were killed by the Black
Plague
• Black Plague = greatest catastrophe to hit Western Europe
Church’s Role During the
Black Plague
• Priests/bishops stayed
behind to aide the sick
• Monastic communities
treated the ill as Christ would
have
(Mark 5:21-43)
The Hundred Years War
PART III
Context
• Peace and Truce of God: Common unity of Faith shared between
European kings who did not share a common culture
• Kept the peace between E. people
• Truce did not last
Context
• France/England
fought over small
discontents
• English did not
accept the French
crown (despite
owning French lands)
The Hundred Years War
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Short battles
Interrupted by periods of peace
English trying to gain complete power in France
Young, incompetent, mad kings left France in control of
English
St. Joan of Arc
“In the world's history
she stands alone -- quite
alone.”
~Mark Twain
St. Joan of Arc
• Jan 6th 1412
• Born a peasant
• Had visions of the
Archangel, St. Margaret
and St. Catherine of
Alexandria (13 yrs old)
• Instructed to tell Charles
VII that she would make
possible his coronation
St. Joan of Arc
• Dressed as a man
• Convinced king of sincerity
• May 1429 –led army to
Orleans
• Successfully recaptured
Orleans and other cities
• Win on battlefield led to the
crowning of Charles VII
St. Joan of Arc
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Unsuccessful at furthering French cause
Kings grew tired/apathetic
Captured by English/French did not barter for her life
Placed on trial for heresy and witchcraft
Why did the English Place St.
Joan on Trial?
• To discredit King Charles VII
as a false king
• Used Church authority, which
favored the English, to obtain
this goal
The Trial of St. Joan of Arc
• Given one last chance to
admit guilt/to save herself
• She refused to do so
• Burned alive on the stake
• Freed from her sentence
after Pope Callistus reexamined her trial (25 yrs
later)
• Beatified in 1909
Return to Rome and Schism
PART IV
St. Catherine of Sienna
“Charity is the sweet and holy bond which links the soul
with its Creator: it binds God with man and man with
God.”
~St. Catherine of Sienna
St. Catherine of Sienna
• Pledged virginity to Christ
• Mother wanted her to marry
• Father allowed her to do as
she pleased
• Devoted life to prayer,
fasting
• Only spoke to her
confessor
• Only left home to go to
Church
St. Catherine of Sienna
“Spiritual espousal” or “Mystical marriage”
• Christ tells the soul that He takes it for his bride.
• Apparition accompanied by a ceremony in which the
Blessed Mother, saints, and angels are present.
• The soul receives a sudden surge of charity and
increased familiarity with God.
St. Catherine of Sienna
• Had many visions
• Called to enter the public
life and “heal the wounds of
the Church”
• Sent letters out to Kings,
Queens, laity
• Sent letter to Pope Gregory
to return to Rome
Letter to Pope Gregory XI
“… [the] Holy Church should return to her first
condition, poor, humble, and meek as she was in that
holy time when men took note of nothing but the
honor of God and the salvation of souls, caring for
spiritual things and not for temporal. For ever since
she has aimed more at temporal than at spiritual,
things have gone from bad to worse.”
The Western Schism
• Italians wanted the papacy back
• Mob stormed Vatican demanding Italian pope
• Pope Urban VI elected “freely and unanimously”
The Western Schism:
Pope Urban VI
• Aggressive and inflexible
• Declared no return to
Avignon
• Declared war on every
moral abuse
• Criticized the materialistic
lifestyle of the cardinals.
• Urged by St. Catherine to
turn away from “violent
actions”
The Western Schism
• French cardinals elected an “antipope”, (Clement VII) in
Avignon
• Out of fear
Conciliarism
• Supported the power
of a council to appoint
a candidate for the
papacy
• Placed the authority
of an council over the
pope.
• Worked to end the
schism by replacing
popes with another
antipope
The Council of Constance
Response to Conciliarism
• Solidified the authority of the pope over a general council.
• Placed three criteria that must be maintained for a council to
be valid:
1. The council must be called by the pope
2. The council must be presided over by the pope or his
legate
3. The council’s dogmatic decrees are
considered valid only if they are accepted and approved
by the pope
1. Read section of St. Catherine of Siena.
2. 2. St. Joan of Arc and St. Catherine of Siena are too very
different saints. Explain how the lives of these two great
women reflect the multifaceted role of women in 14th century
society. What were each saints great accomplishments?
How did they serve God? How did they serve society?
3. The Black Plague killed nearly a third of the population of
Europe in 5 years. In your own city, how would life change if
a third of its citizens from every section of society
disappeared?
4. How did both the Avignon papacy and the 100 Years War
reflect a changing sense of social identity in western
Europeans? How has this progressed into society today?