Transcript Medieval church - sandestrange

Medieval Period
Christianity:
Conflicts,
Schism, and Roles
You should know:
Eucharist
transubstantiation
Seven Sacraments (baptism, confirmation,
eucharist, marriage, penance/reconciliation
(including last unction), healing of sick,
holy orders
Church Hierarchy: pope/ cardinals/
archbishops/ bishops/ parish priests
Orders: abbeys, monasteries, etc
relics
Conflict #1: East
vs West
The Great Schism
Number One
Political Background
Originally politically Byzantine Empire supreme
all over most of Europe
Originally: equal episcopates/patriarchates of
church included Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria,
Rome, Constantinople
Moslem invasion weakened East so that
Constantinople dominated E and Rome W.
Patriarch of Constantinople recognized church
rule in East; Pope in West, but election of pope
had to be approved by Byzantine emperor
Difference #1: Iconoclastic
Controversy
Icons: sacred images representing the
saints, Christ, Virgin, Crucifixion usually
painted on wood, but originally on
marble, in mosaic, on ivory, etc ranging
from tiny pendants to frescoes covering
church walls.
Belief: icons offer direct communication
to person represented; the individual’s
prayers went directly to the
saint/Virgin/Christ
Icons used for healings, blessings, good
fortune in an endeavor, forgiveness for
sin, especially in Eastern church
First Iconoclastic Controversy
Byzantine Emperor Leo III issued edict (726)
banning any kind of image (icons AND statues)
because of fears the devout worshiped the image,
not what the image represented (vs Ten
Commandments)
Pope Gregory had refused to continue to pay taxes
to Byzantine Emperor; now resisted destroying
images (statues, especially) of Roman and other
western churches
Consequences—Widening
Differences
The edict lead to revolt in Italy because of
commitment of people to the images (statues and
paintings) in their churches; Gregory calmed them
when they threatened to depose the emperor
Churches continued with images in west, mostly
sculpted images/statues; ironically icons were
restored in East, but only if flat painted, no
features that stood out (so still E. condemned
images/statues of western church)
Arguing over Doctrines:
Gradual evolution of doctrinal differences:
Differences in liturgical calendar:
fasting on Saturdays in Lent; beginning Lent on Ash-Wednesday
instead of on a Monday
differences in setting date of Easter
Differences in practice
disapproval of married priests;
the use of leavened or unleavened bread at the Eucharist.
Differences in belief
the belief in a Purgatory distinct from Hell
Petrine Doctrine: “upon this rock” –As heir to Peter (first bishop
of Rome) pope supreme bishop over all Christians. E believed the
scripture referred to all apostles.
Controversy over Godhead: Holy Ghost emanates from God the
Father alone (E) or from God and Christ (W)
A Matter of Emphasis
Gradually, the Byzantine Empire had less and less
influence over the pope
Difference in attitude toward secular authority:
Patriarch still regarded self as under Emperor, who
ruled in all secular areas, protected the church
physically.
Pope regarded self as ruler over all areas of life,
including secular. Pope was a secular ruler over papal
states, with his own army.
Events Leading to E/W Split?
The pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor of Holy
Roman Empire in direct competition with Byzantine
Empire (considered heir to Rome)
July 16, 1054, (traditional date for ultimate split of the
two churches) the Papal Legate excommunicated the
Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, over a
trivial local dispute over the control of Latin monasteries
in Constantinople. (The patriarch then in turn
excommunicated the pope.)
The Crusades pushed them farther apart: first with
Knights Templars’ desecrating E. churches, then with the
Crusaders’ sacking of Constantinople, killing Christians
there in 1204
In the end…
With the sacking of Constantinople, some of the
greatest Eastern holy treasures were stolen or
destroyed
Before, the quarrel had all been between prelates/priests
over doctrines, etc, NOT “ordinary” believers
The Crusaders made common people in the East so
angry, they no longer looked upon the Western
Christians as their “brothers and sisters in Christ”
Consequences: irrevocable split between Western
(Catholic) church with pope at its head and
Eastern (Orthodox) church with patriarch at
Constantinople as its head
Conflict #2: Secular vs Papal
Power
Investiture Controversy
As political authority grew centralized, secular rulers
clashed with clergy over appointments to high church
offices (investiture: literally to give the church
authority the clothing and insignia of his office)
Church officials controlled not only church affairs, but land,
manors, and even villages and the money that the land
generated.
With the power to excommunicate (excommunication
meant one could not conduct business or diplomacy)
the church often won the struggle
Emperor Henry IV(HRE), King Philip IV of France, Henry II
and his son King John of England all fought with the church
over appointments, with varying results.
Gregory VII’s declaration of
power
These power struggles had already led to the
creation of a Christian commonwealth under papal
control under Pope Gregory VII (1073-85). In the
Dictatus Papae Gregory claimed papal primacy:
That the Roman pontiff alone is rightly called universal.
That he alone has the power to depose and reinstate
bishops.
That he alone may use the imperial insignia.
That all princes shall kiss the foot of the pope alone.
That he has the power to depose emperors.
That he can be judged by no one.
Pope Gregory’s View (continued)
That no one can be
regarded as catholic who
does not agree with the
Roman church.
That he (Pope Gregory
VII) has the power to
absolve subjects from
their oath of fealty to
wicked rulers
Obviously, Gregory
regarded the pope’s power
above any secular ruler’s.
To solve the controversy:
Concordat of Worms 1122
Between Pope Calixtus II
and Henry V of HRE
King no right to invest
pope, archbishops,
bishops, etc.
BUT bishops, archbishops
owed fealty to secular
monarchs in exchange for
military protection
Innocent III: view of papacy
“The Lord Jesus Christ has set up one ruler over all
things as His universal vicar, and as all things in
heaven, earth and hell bow the knee to Christ, so
should all obey Christ's vicar, that there be one flock
and one shepherd “
He considered popes "lower than God but higher than
man,” claiming that Peter was given "not only
the universal Church, but the whole world to
govern.”
Innocent fought a bloody crusade vs
Albigensians, French reformers he
considered heretics, in 1209.
Opposing view of church:
spiritual/serving people
Orders based on “counsels of
perfection” with vows of chastity,
poverty, and obedience
St. Francis of Assisi preached and lived
ideals of poverty, simplicity, chastity,
humility and obedience
St. Dominic established the Dominican
Order as an order of preachers whose
purpose was to win back heretics
(Albigensians and Waldensians) by
loving preaching, not force. Dominic
believed that it was necessary to be
better heralds of the Gospel.
Controversy #3: Election of
Popes
(continuation of #2)
The Second Great Schism
Pope vs Secular Monarchs (Continued)
Boniface VIII opposed taxation of clergy by
French and British monarchs needing to pay for
war (the 100 Years War)
He issued a papal bull forbidding lay taxation of
clergy without pope’s consent.
Consequences:
English Edward III denied clergy access to royal court.
Philip IV the Fair (France) forbade export of money to
Italy from France.
Boniface forced to back down because needed
money: said it was all right for monarch to tax
clergy “in an emergency” and canonized Louis IX
The Pope Strikes Back
Boniface issued Unam Sanctum, a strong
declaration of the pope’s supremacy over
temporal/secular rulers.
Consequences: Philip IV, the Fair of
France started a campaign of anti papal
actions; sent an army to Rome to arrest,
beat Boniface, who died a few months later
“Babylonian Captivity”
Boniface’s successor, Clement V, backed down from
Unam Sanctum (said it didn’t diminish French authority
over the country’s church)
Clement moved the papacy to Avignon, a city near the
French border, to a palace there owned by the papacy
Clement’s papacy controlled by France because of
domination of French in College of Cardinals
Papal court gained a reputation for living high in
luxurious palaces in Avignon, valuing material over
spiritual, scheming politically (“Babylonian”)
Clement VI (7 popes later) called for restoration of
papacy in Rome, tried to reform the curia
Whoops! Two Competing Popes
At the death of Pope Gregory XI in March 1378, the people of
Rome were determined not to allow the papacy to leave Rome.
Result: a loud and controversial conclave insisted on a Roman or
at least Italian pope. Urban VI elected, though not a cardinal, he
had served in the curia (church bureaucracy in Rome) .
Urban was not the right Italian pope: he disdained advice, acted
ruthless if opposed, reformed through extreme reduction of the
powers of the cardinals, mostly French (for decades almost corulers in Avignon).
The majority of (French) cardinals withdrew from the papal court
to Anagni. They declared Urban's election void: they’d only
elected him because of Italian mob threats. They then elected one
of their own, as Pope Clement VII, the French king’s cousin.
Gregory crowned as pope at Avignon
Now What?
The multiple popes lasted 30 Years—The Church
was divided on national/political lines
Roman popes (Urban VI/Boniface IX/ Innocent
VII/Gregory XII) supported by Roman state, Britain,
Holy Roman Empire, other allies
Avignon French popes (Clement VII and Benedict
XIII) supported by French and their allies (Castile and
Aragon, Scotland, Naples) vs It/England/HRE
Much debate occurred over the 30 years: how to
unite the church once more and have ONE pope
Throw both out and elect a new one
Convince one to bow out (Neither would leave; both thought they
were right)
The Conciliar Movement
After various failed proposals, the cardinals from both
Avignon and Rome abandoned their popes because the
popes would not compromise for unity.
Cardinals decided to solve the problem with a council
of representatives from all areas of the church with
power to solve the crisis and regulate the popes’ actions
Assumption: the church is the whole body of the faithful.
The pope is only one member, equal to all others.
The only function of the pope, as elected head of the church,
should be to unify the church and to make sure the church
works as it should
The representative council has greater authority than the pope
Finally, Councils Find A Solution!
Council of Pisa (1409): The council deposed both
Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and then elected a
third claimant, Alexander V (to be succeeded shortly
afterward by the medieval John XXIII).
Most of Latin Christendom, supported these new popes,
but the schism continued
Council of Constance (1414 - 18) removed all three
claimants and elected one pope accepted by just
about all - Martin V - on Nov. 11, 1417.
Council of Basel (1431 - 49) another schism
occurred with the election of "Antipope" Felix V. He
abdicated in 1449
“Execrabilis”
Pope Pius II bull issued in 1460
Condemned appeals to councils as
“erroneous and abominable”
Any council decisions “completely null and
void”
Consequences of
Conciliar Movement
Did NOT reform Catholic church government
Did communicate the value that the leader of an institution
is to work for the well being of all, not just for self
aggrandizement
Did weaken the power of the Church in secular life:
secular control of national churches increased (kings:
England and France; magistrates: Germany, Switzerland,
Italy
Though popes became powerful in the Renaissance, the
papacy became a limited territorial regime and the Papal
States became just another of the many regional states of
Italy