Transcript 14.4 A Century of Turmoil - mrs-saucedo

A Century of Turmoil
ch. 14.4
A Church Divided
• Pope Boniface VIII tried to assert his
authority over kings like previous popes
had done.
• King Philip IV of France asserted his
authority over French Bishops.
• Pope Boniface VIII issued a ‘papal bull’
– A papal bull is an official document issued by
the pope.
Papal Bull
• “We declare, state,
and define that
subjection to the
Roman Pontiff is
absolutely necessary
for the salvation of
every human
creature”
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope a prisoner
• Philip IV refused to follow the new law.
• The Pope made preparations to
excommunicate Philip IV.
• Before the Pope could act on the
excommunication, Philip and a few other
nobles went to Italy and broke into where
the Pope was staying.
• Philip and his nobles held the pope
prisoner from Sept. 7-Sept. 9.
Pope rescued
• Pope Boniface was rescued, but he died
one month later.
• Never again would popes be able to
control kings.
Philip IV
The Great Schism
• Philip IV persuaded the College of
Cardinals to appoint a French archbishop
as the new pope.
• They selected Clement V as the new
Pope.
• Clement V moved from Rome to the city of
Avignon, France.
• Popes would live in France for the next 67
years.
Pope Clement V
Church weakens
• The move to France greatly weakened the
Church.
• Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome.
• The College of Cardinals met in Rome to
choose a successor.
– A mob rioted outside the doors…”A Roman, a
Roman, we want a Roman for a pope, or at
least an Italian!”
Pope Urban VI
• Pope Urban VI was
chosen as the new
pope.
• He was arrogant and
many cardinals did
not like him.
Clement VII
• A group of French
cardinals elected
another pope a few
months later.
– Robert of Geneva
– Spoke French
– Took the name,
Clement VII
Two popes
• Now there were two popes.
• Each pope declared the other pope to be a
fraud and tried to excommunicate each
other.
• The French pope lived in Avignon, and the
Italian pope lived in Rome.
• This split in the church is known as the
‘Great Schism’.
Council of Constance
• In 1414, there were a total of three Popes:
The French Pope, The Roman Pope, and
another Pope chosen by an earlier council
in Pisa.
• The Council of Constance had its major
task of ending the schism by choosing a
new pope.
Martin V
• With the help of the
Holy Roman Emperor,
all three popes were
forced to resign.
• In 1417, the council
chose a new pope,
Martin V.
• This Great Schism
ended.
John Wycliffe
• Challenged the
church authority
• He preached that
Jesus Christ – not the
pope- was at the
head of the church.
• The Bible alone – not
the pope- was the
final authority for a
Christian life.
Jan Hus
• Influenced by Wycliffe.
• As a professor, he taught
that the authority of the
Bible was higher than
the authority of the pope.
• He was
excommunicated in
1414.
• He was tried as a heretic
and burned at the stake
in 1415.
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
• One third of Europe’s population died from
the deadly disease known as the Bubonic
Plague.
Origins
• The plague began in Asia.
• Traveled along the trade routes until in
1347, it reached a ship that arrived in
Sicily.
• The disease swept through Italy.
• From there, it followed trade routes to
France, Germany, England, and other
parts of Europe.
Black Rats
• Black rats carried
fleas from one area to
another.
• Fleas were infested
with the disease.
• Remember, people
didn’t bathe and were
generally unclean.
• Almost everyone had
fleas and lice.
Dirty Streets
• In addition, Medieval people threw their
garbage and sewer into the streets.
• These unsanitary conditions became
breeding grounds for more rats.
• The fleas carried by rats leapt from person
to person, thus spreading the bubonic
plague with incredible speed.
Fleas
Black Death
• The disease became known as the Black
Death.
– Purplish or blackish spots all over the skin
Terror
“This scourge had implanted so great a
terror in the hearts of men and women that
brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their
nephews, sisters their brothers, and in
many cases wives deserted their
husbands. But even worse,…fathers and
mothers refused to nurse and assist their
own children.”
Jewish Persecution
• The epidemic was blamed on the Jews.
• They were accused of bringing the
disease by poisoning the wells.
• All over Europe, Jews were driven from
their homes, or sometimes massacred.
• It took about 4 years for the plague to
reach every country in Europe.
• 3/4 of those who caught the disease died.
• The plague killed 25 million Europeans 4
million in Asia and 35 million in North
Africa.
Some Anti-Plague Remedies
• Breaking up the air with loud noises to
dissolve the “static plague vapors.” Bells
were rung continually, and cannons and
muskets were shut off.
• Standing in front of a latrine and inhaling the
stench
• Washing the body with goat urine. “A wash
with urine does more than any other
preventive, more particularly when in
addition the urine is drunk.”
• Placing a piece of warm bread on dying
person’s mouth in order to absorb the
lethal vapors.
• Placing a dried toad over a plague boil.
They should be laid on the boil, then
the toad will swell and draw the poison
out of the plague through the skin
itself, and when it is full it should be
thrown away and a new one applied.”
•Wearing packets of arsenic in a locket,
or writing the word “arsenicum” on a
piece of parchment and hanging that
around the neck.
•Opening the boils and burning them with
a hot iron.
•Applying the intestines of a young
pigeon or a newborn puppy to the
forehead.
Effects
• The plague returned every few years,
although it never struck as severely as in
the first outbreak.
• However, the population was reduced in
each attack.
Economic Effects
•
•
•
•
•
•
Town populations fell
Trade declined
Prices increased
Workers were scarce
Farmland was abandoned
Serfs left their manors in search of better
wages.
Manorial System Crumbles
• Peasants wanted higher wages, but
nobles refused to give them more money.
• This caused many peasant revolts in
England, France, Italy, and Belgium.
Faith Weakens
• Many people lost faith in the Church.
• People’s prayers failed to stop the Bubonic
Plague from devastating families.
• Clergy deserted their congregations or
charged high fees to perform services for
the dying.
Attitudes
“Happy is he who has no children.”
“Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you
may die.”
Ring Around the Rosey
• Ring around the
rosey,
A pocketful of posies.
ashes, ashes.
We all fall down.
• Many people connect
this nursery rhyme to
the Black Death even
though there’s no real
evidence to support it.
l
According to Wikipedia…
• A rosy rash was a symptom of the plague,
posies or herbs were carried as protection
and to ward off the smell of the disease,
and 'all fall down' was exactly what
happened. The line Ashes, Ashes in
alternative versions of the rhyme is
claimed to refer variously to cremation of
the bodies, the burning of victims' houses,
or blackening of their skin.
Posies
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6
O6kbs
• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteach
ers#p/u/13/rZy6XilXDZQ Black Death
Society collapses
• Middle Ages’ society was quickly
collapsing.
• The century of war between England and
France was the society’s final death
struggle.
100 Years’ War
• When the last Capetian king died without a
successor, England’s Edward III claimed
the right to the French throne.
– He was the grandson of Philip IV (of France)
– The war continued on and off from 1337-1453
– It became known as Hundred Year’s War.
– The French eventually won the war.
3 English Victories
• England won three important battles in
France.
– Crecy
– Poitiers
– Agincourt
Battle of Crecy
• French out numbered the English army 3 to 1.
• French knights- protected by heavy armorbelieved they were invincible and attacked.
• The English longbow-men left fly thousands of
arrows at the French. They sent volley after
volley of deadly arrows.
• The knights retreated in panic. Foot soldiers
were left to die. 1/3 of the French army was
slaughtered.
The Longbow
• The ‘short bow’ was drawn to the chest.
• The ‘long bow’ was taller and drawn to the
ear.
• The arrows could hit a target of over 300
yards.
• They were fatal within 100 yards.
• This is what won the battle of Crecy for the
English.
Battle of Poitiers
• The English repeated their victory ten
years later.
• The knights charged on foot, and the
English longbow-men shot arrows at them.
• The French knights were helpless.
• The French king John and his son Philip
were captured and held for ransom.
Battle of Agincourt
• Again the English were outnumbered.
– 6,000 troops against 20-30 Thousand French troops.
• Led by King Henry V, the English archers won
another victory over the heavily armored French
knights.
• The English longbow spelled doom for chivalric
warfare.
• The mounted, heavily armored knight was soon
to become extinct.
A Treaty
• 5 years later the French and English
signed a treaty stating that Henry V would
become the next king of France after the
death of French king Charles VI.
• The French lost hope.
King Henry V
Charles VI
“Charles the Mad”
Joan of Arc
• In 1429, a peasant girl, named Joan of
Arc, felt moved by God to rescue France
from its English conquerors.
• She believed heavenly voices spoke to
her.
• They told her to drive the English out of
France and give the French crown to
France’s true king, Charles VI’s son.
Orleans
• On May 27, 1429, Joan leads the French
into battle against an English fort that
blocked the roads to Orleans.
• The English had been attacking the city for
over six months.
• The English forts had to be attacked to
stop them.
• The French finally retreated in despair.
• But Joan and a few soldiers charged back
toward the fort.
• The entire French army followed.
• Joan of Arc guided the French to victory.
• Charles VII was crowned king on July 17,
1429.
• In 1430, Joan was captured in battle.
• The English turned her over to the church
authorities.
• Although the French king, Charles VII
owed his crown to Joan, he did nothing to
rescue her.
• King Charles VII
• Known as the
“Charles the
Victorious”
Death
• Joan of Arc was
condemned as a
witch and a heretic
because of her claim
to hear voices.
• Joan was tied to a
stake and burned to
death on May 30,
1431.
http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteacher
s#p/u/42/wQydMhY9OpI Joan of Arc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5EIsrZ
uczk
Movies
• 25 years after her execution, Pope
Calixtus III declared her innocent and a
martyr.
• She is now considered a national heroine
of France and a Catholic Saint.
• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteach
ers#p/u/42/wQydMhY9OpI Joan of Arc
The Hundred Years’ War ends
• The war finally ended in 1453.
• The English only held the French port of
Calais.
• It took a long time for France to recover.
Impact of Hundred Years’ War
• It brought ‘nationalism’ to both countries.
• No longer did people think of king as a
feudal lord, but also as a national leader
fighting for the country.
The War of the Roses
• After the Hundred Year’s War, England
suffered a period of turmoil known as the
War of the Roses.
• 2 noble houses fought for the throne.
Parliament strengthens
• Edward III’s constant need for money led
him to call Parliament 27 times to ask for
new taxes.
• Gradually, parliament’s “power of the
purse” became firmly established.
Edward III
• The end of the Hundred Years’ War is
considered the end of the Middle Ages.
• The twin pillars of the medieval world were
– Intense religious devotion
– Code of chivalry
• Both of these crumbled after the war.
• The Age of Faith also died out.
• The causes were
– The Great Schism
– The display of great wealth by the Church
– The discrediting of the church during the
Bubonic Plague.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=38mE
N34lbTw&feature=endscreen