Transcript Rise of Nations

Rise of Nation States
Foundations of Modern European
Boundaries & Countries
How did we get here?
The answer to the
question lies in our past
during the HIGH
MIDDLE AGES!
Characteristics of the New Monarchies
1. They offered the institution of monarchy as a
guarantee of law and order.
2. They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was
the legitimate form of public power  all should
accept this without resistance.
3. They enlisted the support of the middle class in
the towns  tired of the local power of feudal
nobles.
4. They would have to get their monarchies
sufficiently organized & their finances into
reliable order.
Characteristics of the New Monarchies
5. They would break down the mass of feudal,
inherited, customary, or “common” law in which
the rights of the feudal classes were
entrenched.
6. The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own
authority, regardless of previous custom or
historic liberties  What pleases the prince has
the force of law!
What forces Unified or
Blocked Unification for Each
Country?
NATIONALISM
• 1. a sentiment based on common cultural
characteristics that binds a population and
often produces a policy of national
independence or separatism
• 2. loyalty or devotion to one's country;
patriotism
England  stability under the Tudors
France  consolidation of power.
Spain  unification by marriage.
Russia  Vikings make Moscow. Ivan the Terrible
rules with an Iron Fist.
Italy unification denied by outside forces and the
Vatican/Pope.
HR Empire  different model: the
cost of decentralization.
Ottoman Empire Turks conqueror Constantinople
laying foundation for modern Turkey.
ENGLAND
England
• Anglo-Saxons had been in
control of England since
about the 5th century
• Their last King was Edward
the confessor.
• In 1051 Edward the
Confessor promised William
Duke of Normandy that he
would name him the heir to
the throne of England.
• However When Edward dies
in 1066 the witenagemot
(an Anglo-Saxon council of
100 nobles that advise the
King), chose Harold of
Wessex to be the new King
The Norman Conquest!
Norman = Normandy
Norseman = Vikings
The Battle of
Hastings
• Occurred on 14 October 1066
• Hastings is located in
Southeast England (see the
red dot!)
• The battle was between
William Duke of Normandy and
Harold II King of England
(formerly Harold of Wessex)
The Battle of Hastings so a
close fight. It was only by
chance that Harold was killed
before William, giving the
Normans the victory.
• For some contemporaries of
the battle the outcome was
the result of divine will, rather
than military prowess.
The Bayeux Tapestry
long embroidered cloth which depicts the events
leading up to the Norman conquest of England as
well as the events of the invasion itself.
Harold II dies; William wins!
Harold gets shot through the eye with an arrow
and dies! His troops flee at the sight of their fallen
leader.
William of England
• The Bayeux Tapestry (an
embroidered strip of
linen) tells the story of
William’s conquest of
England.
• After his victory, William
Duke of Normandy
became known as William
I of England.
• William is credited with
kick-starting England into
the phase known as
Medieval England. He
introduced modern castle
building techniques and
by his death in 1087, he
had financially tied down
many people with the
Domesday Book.
• The Domesdays Book is
the written record of a
census and survey of
English landowners and
their property made by
order of William the
Conqueror in 1085–1086
• If you know who owns
what land… you can tax
them!!!!
Henry II
• Strengthen the legal
system throughout
England
• Established Common
Law
• Established Grand
Jury and Petit Jury
Common Law
• The system of laws originated and
developed in England and based on court
decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those
decisions, and on customs and usages
rather than on codified written laws.
• Precedent: former court decision
Grand Jury
• A jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in
private session to evaluate accusations
against persons charged with crime and to
determine whether the evidence warrants
a bill of indictment.
• Normally done by Nobels.
Petit Jury
• a jury of 12 persons empanelled to
determine the facts of a case and decide
the issue pursuant to the direction of the
court on points of law.
• Judged by your own Class of people
• a.k.a. “Jury of your peers”
Thomas à Becket
• Archbishop of Canterbury
• Quarreled with King over who
had ultimate power: The
Church or the King.
• Thomas à Becket believed the
Pope had ultimate power.
• “Will no one rid me of [him.]”
• 4 Knights killed Thomas à
Becket while praying.
Murder of Thomas à Becket
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Only woman ever to be both Queen of
England and Queen of France.
Eleanor: Queen of France
• She owned the large
tract of land called
Aquitaine in Southern
France.
• Married for her land
and wealth by King of
France
Divorce / Annulment
• Queen could not produce a male heir
• She only produced two daughters
• King of France divorced her for…(His
Creative Reason)… they were related!
• But in Reality it was because she could
nor produce a son!
Consanguinity - Relatedness
Eleanor: Queen of England
• Married King Henry II.
• Married for her land and
wealth.
• She tried to overthrow
Henry II unsuccessfully
• Imprisoned for 16 years
• Freed when Henry Died
• Ruled England as “Firm
but Fair” leader
• Caused England to
own/hold French
lands.
• Lead to the 100
Years War
Hundred Years War
• We will talk about this later when we talk about French
Nationalism.
• Just know England Lost!
Richard I “The Lionhearted”
• Fought in the 3rd
Crusade
• Was captured by
Saladin
• Mother Eleanor
ruled England as
Reagent in his
absence
• Ransomed and
returned to England
King John (“Lackland”)
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Very Unpopular King
Fought with everyone
Lost many lands
Chased into a barn and
forced to sign the Magna
Carta
• “A horse, a horse; my
kingdom for a horse!”
Magna Carta
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The Great Charter
Gave Due Process
Habeas Corpus
Guaranteed “No
Taxation without
Representation”
• Gave some power
back to the Nobles;
• Took away some
of King’ s Power
Why is the Magna Carta
Important?
• Established the
foundations for
Democracy.
• Creates a Limited
Monarchy.
• Established Man’s
Rights to certain
Freedoms or
Inalienable Rights
Parliament
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
• Model Parliament of 1295
• King could no longer tax
without the consent of the
people
Hundred Years War
• Henry V fights for English land
in France.
• He defeats a much larger
force at the Battle of
Agincourt.
• Extremely Popular!
• Wins Battles, but loose the
War!
“From this day to the ending of the
world,
But we in it shall be rememberedWe few, we happy few, we band of
brothers;
For he to-day that sheds his blood
with me
Shall be my brother!”
War of the Roses
• English Civil War
• No Clear Successor when King Died
• 2 different division of the family fought for
control: the Lancaster and the York
The House of Lancaster
The House of York
Henry VII
• The House of Tudor
• Defeated Richard at
the Battle of Bosworth
Field.
• Strengthened his
position by marrying
Elizabeth of York,
reuniting the two royal
houses
Henry VIII
• Wanted a Divorce
from 1st Wife, but
Pope would not grant
it!
• Separated from the
Catholic Church;
made Anglican
Church.
• Began Protestant
branch of Christianity
Henry’s 7 Wives
Henry’s 7 Wives
Elizabeth I
• Virgin Queen
• Our State of
Virginia was
named after her
How did we get here?
The Windsors
The Windsors
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the original
name… changed to Windsor during WW1
due to anti-German sentiment.
• Queen Victoria (1837-1901) married
Prince Albert of Germany.
• Name/House changed due to Marriage
(i.e. taking his name)
Enjoy the Wedding!
FRANCE
France
• After the rule of
Charlemagne the Frankish
Kingdom began to fail.
• His grandsons split the
kingdom into 3 parts, this
weakened their power.
• By the 890’s (not even 100’s
after Charlemagne’s death)
The Carolingian Dynasty was
under attack
• From 893 to 987 the throne
bounced back and forth
between the Carolingians
and the descendants of
Robert the Strong.
• In 987 Hugh Capet
became king and his
direct descendents would
rule France until 1328
with the death of Charles
IV
• This became known as
the Capetian Dynasty
• The Valois and Bourbon
(Louis XIV!) dynasties
were actually related
branches of the original
Capetian dynasty
Hundred Years War
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When Charles IV (last of the Capetians) died in 1328, he had no heir
Dispute erupted over how should succeed him.
– Edward III of England claimed that because Charles IV’s sister was his own mother, that he
should have the rightful claim to the French throne
– It was decided by the French, however, that Charles’ cousin Philip would become king.
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Edward was outraged by the decision but was unable to launch an attack on France
until 1337
This began a conflict that lasted for 116 years known as the Hundred Years War.
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in
the Champagne region of France.
At the age of 14 she began
hearing voices that she believed
were that of 3 Saints. They told
her that she must free France
from English dominance.
In 1429 Joan lead troops in the
name of French King Charles VII
at the city Orléans.
Joan helped raise troop moral and
for the 1st time the war began to
shift in France’s favor.
Unfortunately Joan was captured
by the Burgundians (England’s
French allies) during a battle in
1430.
Joan was put on trial by the
church 3 times and eventually
found guilty of being a heretic.
Joan was burned at the stake by
the British on May 30th 1431
Joan of Arc is still a idolized
Patriot of France. She was
canonized (turned into a saint) in
the 1920’s by the Catholic Church.
Results of the Hundred Year War
• The war laid waste to
much of France and
caused enormous
suffering; it virtually
destroyed the feudal
nobility and thereby
brought about a new
social order.
• By ending England's
status as a power on the
continent (Europe,
remember England is on
an island), it led the
English to expand their
reach and power at sea.
100 Years War-first Modern war
• Cannon could
batter down
walls with ease
• No longer
needed to use
siege weapons
100 Years War-first Modern war
• Very basic
Handguns
100 Years War
Longbow
• Accurate, Deadly
& Long Range
• Knights in Heavy
Armor were in terror
of the Longbow
• “Pluck You” with the
Yew Tree
Effects of the 100 Yrs War
Weapons:
• Because of the
longbow people
stopped wearing
heavy suits of Armor
• Only Heavy breast
plates were warn to
stop bullets from
muskets.
• Weapons
• Because of the
Cannon… walls and
castles became
obsolete
• Walls were lowered
and became much
thicker
RUSSIA
The Vikings !!!
Early Russia
Vikings invaded along the
coastline into the Black Sea.
Some called the “Rus” went
sailing up the Dnieper River.
They settled down and made a
their capital at Kiev.
Early Byzantine Influences:
Orthodox Christianity
Early Byzantine Influences:
Orthodox Christianity
Early Byzantine Influences:
Cyrillic Alphabet
Novgorod
Russian Boyars
The Mongols Invade Russia
Who were the Mongols?
How did they conquer one of the
largest empires in history?
*Notes*
Geography of Central Asia
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Steppes- belt of grasslands that sweeps for roughly 5,000 miles in between
Europe and China
Treeless plains that make up 15% of the earth’s surface
Steppes provide a feeding ground for pastoral animals such as sheep and
goats
Little to no rainfall (10-20 inches per year)
Present day Mongolia
Long, cold winter and hot summers
Home to many nomadic tribes such as the Turks, Tartars, Huns and
Mongols
“The nation of the Huns… surpasses all other
Barbarians in wildness of life… And though
they do just bear the likeness of men… they
are so little advanced in civilization that they
make no use of fire, nor of any kind of relish, in
the preparation of their food, but feed upon the
roots which they find in the fields and the halfraw flesh of any sort of animal. I say half-raw,
because they give it a kind of cooking by
placing it between their own thighs and the
backs their horses…”
Would you be willing to live this type of life???????????
Yurt- tent with a wooden
frame and covering used
by people of the Steppes
Domesticated animals such as
the sheep below were
important to the survival of the
people on the Steppes
Where are the Steppes of Central Asia????
What people/civilizations do you suppose these warrior
societies came into contact with?
*NOTES*
LIFESTYLE OF PEOPLE IN THE STEPPES:
*excellent on horseback
*nomadic- constantly on the search for resources
*reliant on domesticated animals for survival
*tough, fierce warriors feared by the civilized world
“They keep hovering about the enemy,
discharging their arrows first from one
side and then from the other…Their
horses are so well broken-in to quick
changes of movement, that upon the
signal given, they instantly turn in any
direction, and by these rapid maneuvers
many victories have been obtained.”
Marco Polo, A Description of the World
Why do you think the Chinese
made the Great Wall of
China????
Because the Mongols were
some BAD DUDES!
• Fake retreats and attacked when enemy was vulnerable
• Used life-like dummies on horses to trick the enemy
• Slaughtered a few cities in attempt to scare other cities to
surrender without a fight
• Used civilians as shields
• Drank horse’s blood to stay alive
• Could travel up to 100 miles per day on horseback
• On occasion, used biological warfare (spread of disease)
• Used Chinese silk underwear so arrows had a hard time
penetrating past the thick silk
• Leather armor, saddle, stirrups, helmets, shield, bows and
arrows, battle axe, curved sword, lance and used catapults
Genghis Khan was their leader
Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting
More Tribute in 1480.
Russia in the Late 1500s
Czar = Caesar
A strong absolute
ruler
Ivan the Great
Ivan the Terrible
Tzar (Czar)
SPAIN
Spain
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Until 1479 Spain did not truly exist as a
united Kingdom. The Iberian peninsula had
5 different Kingdoms on it.
In 1479 the Marriage of Ferdinand of
Aragon and Isabella of Castile, brought
together the two largest kingdoms on the
peninsula into a political alliance.
Since the 700’s Muslims, had occupied
parts of Spain. In 1492 Ferdinand and
Isabella used their armies to drive out the
Moors, Spanish Muslims, from their last
strong hold in the south, the Kingdom of
Granada.
The two monarchs consolidated their power
by taking away powers from the church
courts and the nobles in their lands.
Ferdinand and Isabella were very devout
Catholics. They initiated the state
persecution of non-Christians (nonCatholics), by forcing Jews and Muslims to
convert to Christianity.
Spanish monarchs remained loyal to the
catholic church for centuries
A hundred years later King Philip II
continues this devotion to the Catholic
Church as he expanded the empire to the
west and tried to defeat Protestants in
France.
Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
The Madonna of the Monarchs
Kingdoms of Spain: 1492
RECONQUISTA -1492 AD
• DROVE MOORS (Muslims/Islam) out of
Spain and back into North Africa
• DROVE Jews out of Spain
• Inquisition: (Large Religious Trial)
• Killed or converted Heretics and nonbelievers/ non-faithful
ITALY
ITALY
• Dominated by outside
forces like France
• Dominated by forces
inside: Vatican/Pope
• Smaller kingdoms that
did not unite
• the Italian peninsula
into the single state of
Italy in the 19th
century.
Papal States
GERMANY
Holy Roman Empire
(Germany)
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Germany does not become a nation.
Germany is too fractured into mini-kingdoms
It is too busy doing Rome’s bidding
Holy Roman Emperor is the president
representing all the mini-states.
• He does not have absolute authority.
• GERMANY DOES NOT UNIFY UNTIL 1871.
The Habsburg Dynasty
Empire of Charles V
The Empire of Philip II
The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512
c
The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16
Central Europe in 1600
The Holy Roman Empire
• 1453 AD the
OttomanTurks sack and
destroy the Byzantine
Empire
• With the use of new
weapons like cannons
they can now breach
Constantinople’s walls.
• Rename it Istanbul!
• The Ottomans rule here
till World War 1.
OTTOMAN
TURKS
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
• 1453 AD the
OttomanTurks sack and
destroy the Byzantine
Empire
• With the use of new
weapons like cannons
they can now breach
Constantinople’s walls.
• Rename it Istanbul!
• The Ottomans rule here
till World War 1.
Eastern Europe in 1550
The Modern World is taking Shape!