Transcript The Middle Ages - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages
• After the fall of Rome, Europe was in a state of
chaos with no government
• Also known as the Medieval Period or the Dark
Ages because of the lack of learning
• Lasted from about 500 to 1000BCE in Europe
Europe in the 6c (500s)
Visigoths- Spain
Ostrogoths, then Lombards- Italy
Burgundians- Border areas of now France
Germany
Angles and Saxons- Britain
Celts- Ireland, Scotland
Franks- North and West France
The Middle Ages
• Waves of invaders terrorized people
• Trades slowed, towns emptied, learning
ceased
The Middle Ages
• Germanic tribes & Muslim armies fought for
control
• Two forces rose to maintain order: feudalism &
the Catholic Church
Romanesque Architectural Style
 Rounded Arches.
 Barrel vaults.
 Thick walls.
 Darker, simplistic interiors.
 Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Architectural Style
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Parts of a Medieval Castle
Feudalism
• Gov’t organized to
protect territories from
invaders
• Kings, lords exchanged
land for military service
from thousands; knights
fought for lords
• Created social system
with kings, nobles on
top, merchants &
soldiers in the middle &
peasants on the bottom
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
Vassalperson
pledged to
you
Many in
between
Feudalism
• People left cities to
live on manors (the
lord’s estate) in order
to grow food to live
• Self-sufficient
communities where
people produced
everything they
needed
Feudalism
• Peasants paid taxes on milling grains,
marriages, rents
• Serfs: could not leave without permission;
treated like slaves; children born into serfdom
Great Schism 1054: Separate Roman Catholic
(west) and Eastern Orthodox churches
The Roman Catholic Church
• Based in the Vatican in Rome
• After the fall of Roman Empire,
people turned to Christianity for
guidance & strength
• The Church provided food,
shelter, clothing to poor,
orphans
• Organized centers for learning;
sent out missionaries to recruit
new members
A Medieval Monastery: The
Scriptorium
The Catholic Church
• Forced people to pay tithes to the Church
• Built cathedrals, ordered works of art
• Could excommunicate members or kick them
out of the church
• Sold indulgences, simony
Catholic Church organization
• Pope: head of Catholic Church; makes Church
law
• Cardinals: chooses new pope
• Archbishops: govern areas; enforce church law
• Bishops: assist Archbishops; also deliver
sermons, raise money for Church
• Priests: preach the word of God to the people;
performed sacraments
Catholic Church organization
Pope
Cardinals
Archbishops
Bishops
Priests
The Franks
Most successful of Germanic tribes
• Clovis I: established Merovingian dynasty
• Do Nothing Kings: Clovis’ descendent were
weak rulers; power passed to Major Domo
(Mayor of Palace)
The Franks
Charles Martel: powerful Major Domo
• 732BCE: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours
• saved Christian Europe from Muslim conquest
The Franks
Pepin the Short: Major Domo, son of Charles
Martel
• “Gift of Pepin”: Pepin defeated the Lombards &
gave conquered lands to the Pope (land became
Papal States)
• The Pope crowned Pepin king of the Franks in
return
The Franks
Charlemagne: son of Pepin
• created empire that included
France, Northern Italy, Northeast
Spain (Spanish March),
Germany
• 800: crowned 1st Holy Roman
Emperor by Pope
Treaty of Verdun
Divided Charlemagne’s empire
between his three grandsons
• Charles the Bald: got Frankish
kingdom (France)
• Lothair: got Central kingdom
(area between France &
Germany; site of many wars)
• Louis the German: got East
Frankish kingdom (Germany)
Centralized rule weakened by invasion:
Umayyad (Islam) in Spain
Magyars from Hungary
Vikings from northern Europe
The High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages
Lasted from 1100 to 1300 CE; during this period,
Europe developed nation states with populations
identifying national unity:
• Nations led by kings, princes as rulers
• Made war against others to obtain territory
• Trade rose and towns developed
• Catholic Church led wars for Christian
domination
Medieval Guilds
A guild is an
association of
craftspeople
in a particular
trade
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly: provide a service or product
Def: exclusive right or ability to
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Medieval Universities
1st Universities
began
Religion most
‘popular’ subject
Rise of Nation States
• England
• France
• Holy Roman Empire
• Spain
England
• Angles, Celts, Jutes, Picts (local tribes) fought
for control of islands
• Alfred the Great: king of England who united
British Islands as a kingdom
• 1066: Battle of Hastings-• William the Conqueror led Norman Conquest
of England; set up feudal gov’t & efficient tax
collection system with the Domesday Book
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal
finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of
common law throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
England
• Richard I (the Lion Heart): led Crusades
• John I: forced to sign Magna Carta at
Runnymede (1215); the document made king
subject to laws
– King needed permission of the nobles to raise taxes
– Helped establish Parliament to advise king
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
France
• Hugh Capet seized Paris; established Capetian
dynasty
– Created central gov’t in France
– Collected taxes & added territory to kingdom
France
• Philip II (Augustus): acquired lands in France
belonging to England; more powerful than vassals
• Louis IX (St. Louis): created appeals court that
could overturn decisions of lower courts
• Philip IV ( the Fair): increased royal power over the
Church; created Estates-General to advise king
Holy Roman Empire
• Located in Germany,
central Europe
• Otto I: made alliance
with Church; defeated
local princes to
increase territory
• 1122: Concordat of
Worms-only the
Church could grant
church offices
Holy Roman Empire
• Frederick I
(Barbarossa):
increased wealth by
invading Italian cities;
drowned during a
crusade
• German states did not
unite into a single
kingdom
Spain
• large kingdoms of Aragon & Castile spent most
of 15th century fighting the Muslims in the “La
Reconquista” or the reconquest of Spain
The Crusades
Holy wars to regain Jerusalem from the
Muslims; first called by Pope Urban II who
promised:
• Forgiveness for sins
• Cancellation of debts
• Protection for families
and property
• Cancellation of
criminal charges
• Land and wealth
(from the Turks)
The Crusades
1st crusade: 3 groups marched to Holy Land
• Most successful; crusaders captured Jerusalem
& Antioch; massacred thousands of Muslims
• Problems: heat, supplies, disunity
The Crusades
• 2nd: Turks had retaken Jerusalem; group sent to
take the city was defeated at Damascus
• 3rd (King’s Crusade): led by kings; Frederick I
fell from horse & drowned; Philip II fell ill and
returned to France; led by Saladin, Turks kept
lands
The Crusades
• 4th: crusaders sacked
city of Zara for rival
Venetians;
excommunicated after
they conquered Christian
Constantinople; never
reconquered Holy Land
• Children’s Crusade Army made up of
children hoped Turks
would give up Holy land;
children enslaved
Results of the Crusades
• Discovery of new ideas, inventions,
weapons
• Kings gained power
• Status of women increased
• Revival of trade between Europe & Middle
East
The Famine of 1315-1317
 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all
the land they could cultivate.
 A population crisis developed.
 Climate changes in Europe produced three
years of cold, heavy rain
 Crop failures between 1315-17
 As many as 15% of the peasants in some
English villages died.
 One consequence of
starvation & poverty
was susceptibility to
disease.
THE
PLAGUE
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession
with death.
Bring out your dead!
Death Triumphant !:
A Major Artistic Theme
Panic sets in
Attempts to Stop the Plague
“Leeching”
A Doctor’s
Robe
Also, tried containment and
quarantine but often too late or
not enough places participate
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Blame the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
A Little Macabre Ditty
“A sickly season,” the merchant said,
“The town I left was filled with dead,
and everywhere these queer red flies
crawled upon the corpses’ eyes,
eating them away.”
“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,
“They crawled upon the wine and bread.
Pale priests with oil and books,
bulging eyes and crazy looks,
dropping like the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (2)
“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,
“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;
“And proved through solemn disputation
“The cause lay in some constellation.
“Then they began to die.”
“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,
“And then they turned the brightest red,
Begged for water, then fell back.
With bulging eyes and face turned black,
they waited for the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (3)
“I came away,” the merchant said,
“You can’t do business with the dead.
“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.
“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”
And then he sneezed……….!
The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
In the Year 2007
• One third of the world’s population are
infected with …
• Each year, nearly 9 million people around
the world become sick with …..
• Each year, there are almost 2 million …related deaths worldwide.
What is it?
Source:
CDC, WHO
The Threat
TB Spreads through the air
Causes chest pain, cough, cough up blood
If not treated can infect ~10-15 people a year
If not treated it kills 2/3rds affected
If treated less than 5% die
Most US cases are immigrants, minorities, or
inmate populations
TB rates in US have been falling
World Health Organization classifies as a
Source:
disease of poverty
CDC, WHO
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
(MDR TB)
– MDR TB is active TB disease caused by
bacteria that are resistant to the two drugs
most commonly used for treatment
– Forty-seven states and the District of
Columbia have reported diagnosing and
caring for persons with MDR TB.
– It has been estimated that one MDR TB case
can cost as much as $1.5 million
(direct medical expenses and productivity losses).
Source:
CDC, WHO
Extensively Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis (XDR TB)
– There has been a global emergence of XDR TB, a
rare type of MDR TB.
– XDR TB is resistant to almost all drugs used to treat
TB, raising concerns of an epidemic of virtually
untreatable TB.
– XDR TB has been found in every region of the world,
including the United States.
– XDR TB is much more expensive to treat (two times
that of MDR TB)
• more side effects from the medications
• more likely to die.
Source:
CDC, WHO
WHO Goals
• WHO wants to reduce prevalence and death rates
by 50% in next 5 years…
• Could be done for $57 billion
• Need $31 billion more
• For perspective:
NASA budget 2007: $16 Billion
Total Cost of Iraq War: $450 Billion (as of today not
tomorrow or next week)
Cost per Week: $2 billion
(according to congress)
What are the consequences of refusing
medical care to poor, indigent, jailed, or
immigrant classes?