Transcript Europe in the Middle Ages

Europe in the Middle Ages
500-1000 Early Middle Ages
(Stagnation and the status quo)
1000-1350 High Middle Ages
(Growth returns)
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Development of feudalism:
• What is Feudalism? A decentralized social and
political order formed for reasons of protection.
• Why Feudalism?
Serfs paying their lord.
The Granger Collection, New York
Early Middle Ages
• Germanic kings unified kingdoms
• Blend of Roman, Christian & Germanic
societies created base for new European
culture
• Rise of the Franks – from Danube to
Pyrenees
– Carolingians became the dominant family
• Charles Martel
Charles Martel
(Charles the Hammer)
• Frankish “King” won the Battle of Tours in 732,
– saved Europe from the Islamic expansionism that had
conquered Iberia.
• A brilliant general, he is considered the
forefather of western heavy cavalry, chivalry
– a catalyst for the feudal system
• His son Pepin crowned by pope as king of the
Franks
• Formed an alliance with the pope
Charlemagne (~742-814)(Charles the Great)
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Son of Charles Pepin
Establishes Carolingian empire – based on comitatus
(king works in consultation with warriors)
Attempts to rebuild “Roman” Empire
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Strong administration – secular + religious
Revives art and culture
Focus of Europe shifts North
Saves the Pope (Leo III) and is rewarded with the title
“Holy Roman Emperor” (Power shift from Constantinople to
Northern Europe)
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reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural,
educational and ecclesiastical (He outlawed “whoring,
drunkenness, and covetousness” among the nuns and
converted the Saxons.)
After his death roads degrade and villas turn to
castles.
Society:
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Lords and Vassals
Complicated
relationships
Chivalry
fief
Jews
hate
I have fiefs
I have manors
you
I have
debt
I have Disease
Role of the church in society
• Stability
• Investiture
• Regular clergy (monks and
nuns who follow strict rules)
(separation)
• Secular clergy (Bishops and
Cardinals who were not trained
as priests)
Economy:
•
Serfdom
and
Manorialism
Invasion and Migration
• Vikings
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–
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Seamen and warriors
Why migrate
Technology
Convert to Christianity
Places of settlement
• Magyars
• Muslims
• Led to rise of regional
lords
• Feudalism & manorialism
grow
Central & Late Middle Ages
• Commercial expansion &
economic growth
• National monarchies
developed bureaucracies
that challenged vassal
localism
High Middle Ages
• social change
– rising middle class
– Guilds – led to governance of towns
– guilds and women
• economics
– agricultural growth (new tech, techniques, lands
and crops)
– population growth
– urbanization
– Trade
– Hanseatic League
Northern Europe in 1400, showing
the extent of the Hansa
Cultural development
• Literacy increased –
intellectual speculation
spurred new ideas
• development of schools and
universities from Cathedrals
• diffusion of learning from
Byzantines and Muslims
• Urban centers patronized
arts
Oxford University
Crusaders to retake Holy Land
– Motives
– A successful failure
– consequences