Transcript Two Worlds of Christendom

Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16
I. Quest for Political Order
• Political challenges in the west led to invaders
• Byzantine Empire
– Economically sound capital
– Architecturally wealthy
• Caesorpapism
-Secular lord but also played a role in church affairs
• Justinian & Theodora (Byzantine emperor & wife)
-Hagia Sophia-important Christian architecture
-Justinian’s CodeCodification of Roman Law
Influenced civil law codes of Europe, US, Japan
II. Muslim Conquest & Byzantine
Revival
• Muslim Conquest
-Byzantine under Muslim rule for a time
- “Greek fire” helps keep Muslims away
• Theme System
- Response to Islamic rulers
- Province is under a general’s authority
- Civil & military responsibility
- Free peasants recruited
- Received allotments for service
III. Rise of the Franks
• Germanic Kingdoms arise in Roman areas
- adopted Christianity
- adapt Roman Laws
• Franks
-Military & Political Power in W. Europe
- Adoption of Christianity led to popularity
-Charles Martelstops Muslim invasiondid
not sack further west
III. Rise of the Franks
• Charlemagne
- re-establish centralized imperial rule
- Intelligent
• Charlemagne’s Administration
- Traveled through horseback no elaborate
bureaucracy relied on deputies
- Miss dominicienvoys that reviewed
accounts of local authorities
III. Rise of the Franks
• Charlemagne as Emperor
- 8000cepope proclaims him emperor, may
not have been planned
IV. Age of Vikings
• Louis the Pious
- Surviving son of Charlemagne—>Lost control
of local authorities ended the empire
-Louis’ sons split the empire between them
warred against each other
• Invasion
-Magyars, Vikings (Norse people)
-Attacked settlements, cities, and monasteries
IV. Age of Vikings
• Devolution of Political Authority
- Since Carolingians had no real protection
regional and local protection
- Made it difficult for true imperial rule
V. Two Economies of Early Medieval
Europe
• Byzantine Peasantry
-Sprouted from theme systemprovided
large agricultural surpluses
• Manufacturing
- Supported by agriculture
- Glassware, linen, woolen textiles, gems,
jewelry
• Silk
-major contribution to economy
V. Two Economies of Early Medieval
Europe
• Byzantine Trade
- Constantinople clearinghouse for W. Eurasia
-Traded w/Muslim counterparts
-Bezant standard currency in Mediterranean
basin
• Heavy Plows
- took more energy but provided greater
agricultural production
- Cleared lands for more cultivation
V. Two Economies of Early Medieval
Europe
• Trade in Western Christendom
- Local markets & fairs
- Christian merchants
• Norse Merchant Mariners
- Medieval Merchantscargoes fish, furs,
wine, honey
- silver used for minting coins
VI. Social Development of Two Worlds
of Christendom
• Byzantium: Urban Society
- most urbanized society, main area,
everything in “ the city”
• City Life
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Various forms of city centers
Women were highly protected
Artisans lived above their shops
Gov’t official lived in apartments
Poor in tenaments
EVERYONE still wanted to be a part of the CITY
VI. Social Development of Two Worlds
of Christendom
• Attractions
- Baths
- Taverns
- Restaurants
- Social Gatherings
• Western Europe: Rural Society
- agriculture enough for locals, but not
enough to support larger populations
VI. Social Development of Two Worlds
of Christendom
• The Question of Feudalism
- a political and social order of medieval Europe?
- supposed hierarchy: Lordsvassalsretainers
(lands for military service)Peasantry
- more complex than what was thought
• Peasants
- provide agriculture
• Population
- Population decline due to economic disease and
political turmoil
- 36 mil. In 200ce – 26 mil. In 600ce
VII. Popes and Patriarchs
• The Papacy
- Roman empire collapsed but papacy survives
as spiritual authority
- 1st close ties w/Byzantine, later more
independent, focus on the west
• Pope Gregory I
- Independent course of Roman Church
- Papal primacypope supreme authority for
ALL Christians
- Enhance Christianity in everyday lives.
VII. Popes and Patriarchs
• Patriarchs
- part of the state
- caesorpapism now creates tension
• Iconoclasm
- Byzantine practice
- the ridding of icons (sculptures, images)
- created tension
VII. Monks & Missionaries
• Asceticism
- holiness rather than world success
- celibacy, fasting, prayer
• St. Basil (Byzantine) & St. Benedict (Italy)
- reformers
- regulations for monasteries
- practice mild for of ascetism
- gave up their lives, lived in smaller community
VII. Monks & Missionaries
• Monasticism & Society
- Social Services counsel, relief efforts,
medical, inns, education
• Missionaries
VII. Two Churches
• Constantinople and Rome are at odds with each other
• Religious Rivalry
- Ritual and Doctrinal differences
• Schism
- Patriarch vs. Popesbattled their positions
- Patriarch autonomy of Christian Jurisdiction
- Popeprimal papacy
- East and West go separate ways
excommunicationnot properly Christian
- 1054 West known as Roman Catholic Church, East
known as Eastern Orthodox