Transcript Document
Lecture 1
History Of Computers
Generations Of Computers
Assignment # 1
Pre-Computing
Counting on fingers
Counting Pebbles
Counting marks on the walls
Counting marks on the bones
Counting marks in the sand
Computer Prehistory
Abacus(3000 B.C)
Considered
to be the Original Counting
Device.
Simple device used to perform calculations
Slide the Beads up and down on the rods to
add and subtract.
Relies on training, knowledge of user
Abacus . 3000 B.C
beads on rods to count
and calculate
still widely used in
China.
Computer Prehistory
Pascaline(1623 – 1662)
Invented
by Blaise Pascal
He invented it to help his father in tax
collection.
Gear-driven machine performing wholenumber addition & subtraction
Pascal was only man who could make repairs
Computer Prehistory
17th Century - Pascaline
Computer Prehistory
Jacquard’s loom(1801)
Wove
cloth, silk, and other materials
Knots passing through the holes in cards
created patterns woven into fabric
Early Computer Attempt
Charles Babbage(1793 – 1871)
Considered
to be Father of Computers because of
his Impressive designs for
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Difference
Engine
huge calculator, steam driven & never finished
Early Computer Attempt
Analytical engine
Designed
by Charles Babbage
Similar to early computers
Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers
Could run more complex programs than early
machines at a rate of 60 Additions/sec
accurate to six decimal places
Early Computer Attempt
Analytical engine
Steam
power turned
handles
Wouldn’t need humans
to run
Design
would cover
the area of a football
field.
Binary Machines
Konrad Zuse develops Z1(1936)
First
automatic calculator based in binary
First Programmable computer designed to
solve complex engineering Equations.
Binary Machines
1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1
Contained
memory to remember 64 numbers
Each multiplication took 5 seconds
Electronic Computers
ABC Computer(1939-1942)
First
electronic, digital computer
Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
Performed complicated mathematical
computations
Original notes for design written on the back
of a cocktail napkin
Electronic Computers
ABC Computer(1939-1942)
Weighed
800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, &
1 mile of wire
Each calculation took 15 seconds
Electronic Computers
Mark I Computer(1944)
Developed
by Howard Aiken & IBM
Could add, subtract, multiply and divide
Included subroutines to compute logarithms and
trigonometric functions.
It had switches which when flipped back and forth,
represented mathematical data.
Electronic Computers
Mark I Computer
Weighed
5 tons,
55’ long, 8’ high
Stored 72 numbers
3 additions/second;
3 - 5 seconds per
multiplication
Electronic Computers
ENIAC Computer(1943-1946)
Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer
To compute trajectory table for US army.
Programs set by external switches and dials
Took weeks to physically reprogram machines
Electronic Computers
ENIAC Computer
Weighed
30 tons
17,460 vacuum tubes
5 million soldered joints
Performed
5000
additions, 357
multiplications or 38
divisions per second
Electronic Computers
ENIAC Computer Shortcomings
Could
only store and manipulate a limited
amount of information.
Programs were wired on boards.
Thus, difficult to detect errors.
Electronic Computers
1953
701
released, IBM’s 1st computer
Stored 256 numbers in memory
Only 19 ever made
Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month
IBM
sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with
IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962
Electronic Computers
1953
701 released, IBM’s 1st computer
Performed 2200 multiplications per second
1st Generation Computers
EDVAC(1946-1952)
Electronic
Discreet Variable Automatic Computer
Based on Stored Program Concept.
Stored data in binary form.
UNIVAC(1951)
Universal Automatic
Computer
First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
Use of vacuum tubes
1st Generation Computers
Advantages:
These
were the Fastest calculating devices of
that time.
Disadvantages:
Too
bulky in Size.
Excessive Heat Generation.
Non-portable.
2nd Generation
Used Transistors starting in 1956
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors, thus
making it faster, smaller and reliable.
Advantages:
Less
Heat Generation
Smaller than 1st Generation Computers.
Disadvantages:
Costly
Manual Assembly
of individual components
PDP-8 Minicomputer
In 1963,PDP-8 was
launched.
Small computers for
business and specific
applications.
3rd Generation
Third Generation Computers used Integrated
Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single
“chip”.
Advantages:
Smaller
in size, easily portable, no need of manual
assembly of individual components.
Disadvantages:
Highly
sophisticated technology required.
4th Generation
Over 30,000 components were integrated
onto a single chip.
Performed 60,000instructions per second.
The First Microprocessor (Intel 4004)
The
4004 had 2,250 transistors.
108Khz
Called “Microchip” (Specialized chip for
memory and logic)
4th Generation
Advantages
Smallest
in size.
Heat generation is negligible.
Much faster in computations.
Cheapest.
Disadvantages
Highly
sophisticated technology required.
Birth of Personal Computers(1975)
MITS ALTAIR
Could hold 256 numbers in
RAM
Required TV for use as a
display
Did not include any software
(even an OS)
Owner had to put machine
together
Cost $400
Small company, Microsoft,
formed by 2 college kids to
sell BASIC compiler for Altair
Growth of the Home Computer
Apple I(1976)
Could store 8192 numbers
(8KB) in memory
Included keyboard, but
needed TV for display
Cost $666.66 per machine
Less powerful than Altair
but also less expensive
and complicated.
Growth of the PC
Apple II(1977)
Contained
4KB of
memory
First personal
computer to include
color graphics
(included 16
colors!), but still
needed TV for
monitor
Built-in Keyboard
Player Enters the Market
IBM PC (1981)
First
PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and
commercially available operating system
Player Enters the Market
IBM PC(1981)
Used
4.77MHz processor
Default had16KB of memory, but could be
expanded to 256KB
Color monitor was optional
Cost $1565
Updated Computer Line
Apple IIe (1983)
Used
1MHz processor
Included 64KB of memory
Cost $1400 per machine
Became one of the best selling computers of
all time
Personal Computer Revolution
Apple Lisa (1983)
1st GUI-based home computer
Used 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory,
5MB hard drive
12” monitor
Cost $9995
Apple Macintosh released in 1984
Personal Computer Revolution
1983 – Apple Lisa released
1984 – Apple Macintosh released
Other Important Computer Dates
1983 – Intel releases 80386
Speed---16MHz
1983 – 10 million computers used in US
1986 – 30 million computers used in US
1989 – Intel releases 80486
25MHz
First
Intel chip capable of multiprocessing
Pentium Series
In 1995
In 1997
Intel announces Multimedia capabilities
Pentium II(333MHz Speed)
In 1998
Pentium-Pro Microprocessor
Windows 95 OS
Windows 1998 OS.
In 1999
Pentium III (Graphics Friendly)
Assignment 1
Discuss the growth of PCs from year 2000
to 2005 in terms of Hardware
improvement and Operating Systems.
Discuss Von-Neumann's Architecture.