Transcript Document

Lecture 1
History Of Computers
Generations Of Computers
Assignment # 1
Pre-Computing
Counting on fingers
 Counting Pebbles
 Counting marks on the walls
 Counting marks on the bones
 Counting marks in the sand

Computer Prehistory

Abacus(3000 B.C)
 Considered
to be the Original Counting
Device.
 Simple device used to perform calculations
 Slide the Beads up and down on the rods to
add and subtract.
 Relies on training, knowledge of user
Abacus . 3000 B.C

beads on rods to count
and calculate

still widely used in
China.
Computer Prehistory

Pascaline(1623 – 1662)
 Invented
by Blaise Pascal
 He invented it to help his father in tax
collection.
 Gear-driven machine performing wholenumber addition & subtraction
 Pascal was only man who could make repairs
Computer Prehistory

17th Century - Pascaline
Computer Prehistory

Jacquard’s loom(1801)
 Wove
cloth, silk, and other materials
 Knots passing through the holes in cards
created patterns woven into fabric
Early Computer Attempt

Charles Babbage(1793 – 1871)
 Considered
to be Father of Computers because of
his Impressive designs for

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine
 Difference

Engine
huge calculator, steam driven & never finished
Early Computer Attempt

Analytical engine
 Designed
by Charles Babbage
 Similar to early computers
Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers
 Could run more complex programs than early
machines at a rate of 60 Additions/sec
 accurate to six decimal places

Early Computer Attempt

Analytical engine
 Steam
power turned
handles

Wouldn’t need humans
to run
 Design
would cover
the area of a football
field.
Binary Machines

Konrad Zuse develops Z1(1936)
 First
automatic calculator based in binary
 First Programmable computer designed to
solve complex engineering Equations.
Binary Machines

1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1
 Contained
memory to remember 64 numbers
 Each multiplication took 5 seconds
Electronic Computers

ABC Computer(1939-1942)
 First
electronic, digital computer
 Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
 Performed complicated mathematical
computations
 Original notes for design written on the back
of a cocktail napkin
Electronic Computers

ABC Computer(1939-1942)
 Weighed
800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, &
1 mile of wire
 Each calculation took 15 seconds
Electronic Computers

Mark I Computer(1944)
 Developed
by Howard Aiken & IBM
 Could add, subtract, multiply and divide
Included subroutines to compute logarithms and
trigonometric functions.
 It had switches which when flipped back and forth,
represented mathematical data.

Electronic Computers

Mark I Computer
 Weighed
5 tons,
55’ long, 8’ high
 Stored 72 numbers
 3 additions/second;
 3 - 5 seconds per
multiplication
Electronic Computers

ENIAC Computer(1943-1946)
 Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer
 To compute trajectory table for US army.
 Programs set by external switches and dials

Took weeks to physically reprogram machines
Electronic Computers

ENIAC Computer
 Weighed
30 tons
17,460 vacuum tubes
 5 million soldered joints

 Performed
5000
additions, 357
multiplications or 38
divisions per second
Electronic Computers

ENIAC Computer Shortcomings
 Could
only store and manipulate a limited
amount of information.
 Programs were wired on boards.
 Thus, difficult to detect errors.
Electronic Computers

1953
 701
released, IBM’s 1st computer
 Stored 256 numbers in memory
 Only 19 ever made

Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month
 IBM
sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with
IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962
Electronic Computers

1953
701 released, IBM’s 1st computer
 Performed 2200 multiplications per second

1st Generation Computers

EDVAC(1946-1952)
 Electronic
Discreet Variable Automatic Computer
 Based on Stored Program Concept.
 Stored data in binary form.

UNIVAC(1951)
 Universal Automatic
Computer
 First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
 Use of vacuum tubes
1st Generation Computers

Advantages:
 These
were the Fastest calculating devices of
that time.

Disadvantages:
 Too
bulky in Size.
 Excessive Heat Generation.
 Non-portable.
2nd Generation



Used Transistors starting in 1956
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors, thus
making it faster, smaller and reliable.
Advantages:
 Less
Heat Generation
 Smaller than 1st Generation Computers.

Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Manual Assembly
of individual components
PDP-8 Minicomputer

In 1963,PDP-8 was
launched.

Small computers for
business and specific
applications.
3rd Generation



Third Generation Computers used Integrated
Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single
“chip”.
Advantages:
 Smaller
in size, easily portable, no need of manual
assembly of individual components.

Disadvantages:
 Highly
sophisticated technology required.
4th Generation
Over 30,000 components were integrated
onto a single chip.
 Performed 60,000instructions per second.
 The First Microprocessor (Intel 4004)

 The
4004 had 2,250 transistors.
 108Khz
 Called “Microchip” (Specialized chip for
memory and logic)
4th Generation

Advantages
 Smallest
in size.
 Heat generation is negligible.
 Much faster in computations.
 Cheapest.

Disadvantages
 Highly
sophisticated technology required.
Birth of Personal Computers(1975)
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MITS ALTAIR






Could hold 256 numbers in
RAM
Required TV for use as a
display
Did not include any software
(even an OS)
Owner had to put machine
together
Cost $400
Small company, Microsoft,
formed by 2 college kids to
sell BASIC compiler for Altair
Growth of the Home Computer

Apple I(1976)




Could store 8192 numbers
(8KB) in memory
Included keyboard, but
needed TV for display
Cost $666.66 per machine
Less powerful than Altair
but also less expensive
and complicated.
Growth of the PC

Apple II(1977)
 Contained
4KB of
memory
 First personal
computer to include
color graphics
(included 16
colors!), but still
needed TV for
monitor
 Built-in Keyboard
Player Enters the Market

IBM PC (1981)
 First
PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and
commercially available operating system
Player Enters the Market

IBM PC(1981)
 Used
4.77MHz processor
 Default had16KB of memory, but could be
expanded to 256KB
 Color monitor was optional
 Cost $1565
Updated Computer Line

Apple IIe (1983)
 Used
1MHz processor
 Included 64KB of memory
 Cost $1400 per machine
 Became one of the best selling computers of
all time
Personal Computer Revolution

Apple Lisa (1983)
1st GUI-based home computer
 Used 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory,
5MB hard drive
 12” monitor
 Cost $9995
 Apple Macintosh released in 1984

Personal Computer Revolution
1983 – Apple Lisa released
 1984 – Apple Macintosh released

Other Important Computer Dates

1983 – Intel releases 80386
 Speed---16MHz
1983 – 10 million computers used in US
 1986 – 30 million computers used in US
 1989 – Intel releases 80486

 25MHz
 First
Intel chip capable of multiprocessing
Pentium Series

In 1995
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
In 1997
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
Intel announces Multimedia capabilities
Pentium II(333MHz Speed)
In 1998


Pentium-Pro Microprocessor
Windows 95 OS
Windows 1998 OS.
In 1999

Pentium III (Graphics Friendly)
Assignment 1

Discuss the growth of PCs from year 2000
to 2005 in terms of Hardware
improvement and Operating Systems.

Discuss Von-Neumann's Architecture.