Transcript computer history - Home of the Jaguar News

COMPUTER HISTORY
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
MRS. CUNNINGHAM'S CLASS
JOHNSON SCHOOL
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
 Technology has been constantly
changing
COMPUTER HISTORY
 Computers have
been around for a
very, very, very,
long time!
 Computer were
first known as
humans that would
perform
calculations.
The Worlds first
computers!
Photo: http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Computers/comp2.htm
ABACUS
4th Century B.C.
The abacus, a simple counting
aid, may have been invented in
Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth
century B.C.
This device allows users to make
computations using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the
French
mathematician
and philosopher
Blaise Pascal
invented a
calculating
device that
would come to
be called the
"Adding
Machine".
First Functional Computer
Charles Babbage
(1791 - 1871)
Differential
Engine
Designed for Navigational Calculation for
ships. Very Impractical to use!
Charles Babbage
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was
an English mathematician and
professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the British
government to finance his design to
build a machine that would calculate
tables for logarithms.
With Charles Babbage's creation of
the "Analytical Engine", (1833)
computers took the form of a general
purpose machine.
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
 Aiken thought he could create a
modern and functioning model of
Babbage's Analytical Engine.
He succeeded in securing a grant of
1 million dollars for his proposed
Automatic Sequence Calculator; the
Mark I for short. From IBM.
In 1944, the Mark I was "switched"
on. Aiken's colossal machine
spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet
in height. 500 meters of wiring were
required to connect each component.
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
 The Mark I did transform Babbage's
dream into reality and did succeed in
putting IBM's name on the forefront
of the burgeoning computer
industry. From 1944 on, modern
computers would forever be
associated with digital intelligence.
The Eniac
1943
Short for Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator, was developed by the US
Government to fill the increasing need for
computer capacity to calculate trajectory tables
and other essential data.
Eniac
It could do nuclear physics
calculations (in two hours) which it
would have taken 100 engineers a
year to do by hand.
The system's program could be
changed by rewiring a panel.
The Univac
• Inspired by
the Eniac
• Was used by
the US census
to calculate
population
data
Grace Murray Hopper
• Invented the
first
Computer
Language
Cobol
DeBugging!
Grace Murray Hopper, who
lived from 1906-1992, found
the first computer bug while
working in a temporary
World War I building at
Harvard University on the
Mark I computer where a
moth had been beaten to
death in the jaws of a relay.
She glued it into the
logbook of the computer
and thereafter when the
machine stops (frequently)
they say that they are
"debugging" the computer.
TRANSISTOR
1948
 In the laboratories of Bell
Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain and William Shockley
discovered the "transfer resistor";
later labeled the transistor.
Advantages:
increased reliability
1/13 size of vacuum tubes
consumed 1/20 of the electricity of
vacuum tubes
were a fraction of the cost
TRANSISTOR
1948
 This tiny device had a huge impact
on and extensive implications for
modern computers. In 1956, the
transistor won its creators the Noble
Peace Prize for their invention.
BASIC was well… Basic
 10 print"Hello World!"
 20 goto 10
 “Hello World”
 First mainstream computer language
 Developed in 1964 by 2 grad
students at Dartmouth
ALTAIR
1975

The invention of the transistor
made computers smaller, cheaper and
more reliable. Therefore, the stage
was set for the entrance of the
computer into the domestic realm. In
1975, the age of personal computers
commenced.
ALTAIR
1975
Under the leadership of Ed Roberts
the Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to
design a computer 'kit' for the home
hobbyist.
ALTAIR
1975
 What did the Altair do?
 Nothing!
 It gave computers enthusiasts
something to do!
MICROSOFT
• In 1974 Bill Gates and Paul Allen
developed Basic code that could be
used to install programs on the Altair
• Remember BASIC already had been
developed
• Gates and Allen revolutionized a way
for the Altair to read BASIC programs
from a tape code format
APPLE I
 Ed Roberts’ Altair inspired computer
enthusiasts to experiment with
creating their own computers
 Steve Wozniac and Steve Jobs began
to develop the Apple I and started a
company called Apple Computer Co.
in 1976
APPLE I
The Apple I
was created
in Steve Jobs
Garage
First one was
built with a
wooden case
APPLE II
Steve Jobs
decided to take the
Apple to the market
in 1977
Jobs and Steve
Wozniac recreated
the Apple for
consumers with a
new case
Selling price base
model: $598 (no
monitor or
keyboard)
IBM (PC)
1981

On August 12, 1981 IBM
announced its own personal
computer.
Using the 16 bit Intel 8088
microprocessor, allowed for increased
speed and huge amounts of memory.
Unlike the Altair that was sold as
unassembled computer kits, IBM sold
its "ready-made" machine through
retailers and by qualified salespeople.
MACINTOSH
(1984)
Created by
Apple
Introduced in
January 1984 it
was an
immediate
success.
The GUI
(Graphical User
Interface) made
the system easy
to use.
FROM THE APPLE TO THE PC…
• As you can see from this point on
personal computers would flourish
• By 2001 computers were in 51% of
homes
• The computer revolution has
occurred
Last thoughts…
• Think about all the ways the
computers have bettered our world
• What are some disadvantages of the
digital age?
• Look around you and list all the
things in your house that run on
computers. (I bet there are more
things than you think!)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Information was gathered from the
following sites:
http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/micro
.html (Triumph Of The Nerds)
http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Com
puters/comp2.htm (The Early History of
Computers)
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline
/?year=1948 (Computer History Timeline)
COMPUTER HISTORY
THE END