Transcript - 3DSCO Global Connection

The History of Technology
A concise history of technology
dating back to the invention of
the first computer.
How far back do you remember?
Calculators
Typewriters
Pellegrino Turri 1808
Malling Hansen 1870 (pin cushion)
Christopher Sholes 1874 – QWERTY system
Increasing poplulation produced need for better
system to tabulate results of 1890 census. Herman
Hooerith, Hollerith Tabulating Co. provided data
processing equipment.
1936
The Father of Modern Technology
1936 Z1 mechanical only
calculator/binary computer
1939 Z-2: first fully functioning electromechanical computer
1941 World’s first, electronic, fully
programmable computer Z-3
1939-1942
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
• Atanasoff “The Forgotten Father of the Computer”
• 1939 first electronical, digital computer prototype
• granted $850 to build first full-scale computer
which was desk sized and weighed 700 lbs.
• 300 vacuum tubes and 1 mile of wire
• Performed 1 operation in 15 seconds
1944
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
• Mark I computer: IBM’s first in
conjunction with Harvard
• 55’ long by 8’ high
• Weighed 5 tons
• Contained 760,000 separate
pieces
• Considered slow: took 3-5
seconds for manipulation
1946
• took 1 yr. to design and 18
mos. to build
• $500,000 tax dollars and war
was over
• programmed with plug boards
and switches
• 5,000 operations per second
• 1,800 sq. ft of space, 30 tons
• 160 kilowatts of power -brown
outs in Philedelphia
1947
Williams Tube
Sir Frederick Douglas and Tom Kilburn
created vacuum tube
Painted dots and dashes (1,0) on tube to
program computer
Provided large amount of random access
memory
1948-1949
1948
Tom Kilburn built “The Baby”
1949
• Z-4 smuggled to Switzerland
• Used until 1955
• Mechanical memory of 1,024
wires
1950
• Remington Rand bought Ecker-Mauchly Corporation
• Changed name to UNIVAC division of Remington Rand
• UNIVAC predicted election results between
Eisenhower, Stevenson
• ERA 1101 (Engineering Research Associates) first
commercially produced computer – US Navy
1953
Jay Forrester (MIT): magnetic core memory
IBM developed 701EDPM: first commercially
successful general purpose computer
 Aid in Korean war effort as defense calculator
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19 EDPM’s produced
Rented for $15,000 a month
1954
Formula Translation
John Backus: first high level programming
language
FORTRAN remains top language in scientific and
mathematical applications
Video games, air traffic control systems, payroll
calculations
1955
11:45pm on Oct. 2, ENIAC retired
AT&T Bell: first fully transistorized computer TRADIC
• Contained 800 transistors instead of vacuum tubes
• Transistors: cold, high efficiency amplifying devices
invented at Bell Lab.
Used only 100 watts or 1/20th power of vacuum tube
computers
1956
First general purpose, programmable computer
built with transistors
Hosted early imaginative tests:
 Western movie shown on TV
 3-D tic-tac-toe
 Maze which mouse found martinis and became inebriated
Era of Magnetic disk storage dawned
IBM 350 storage for RAM of Accounting and Control
5 million bytes of data
1958
Integrated Circuit
Jack Kilby
Robert Noyce
Two companies cross licensed creating global
market now worth $1 trillion a year
IC’s replaced transistors
IC connected wiring onto a single chip made of
semiconductor material
1960
IBM 7090
First commercial transistorized
computer built
Fastest computer in the world
1961
 First commercially IC’s available
 All computers now made using IC
 Original IC size of pinkie with 1 transistor
 Today’s IC’s smaller than penny with 125
million transistors
1962-1964
Steve Russell: “Spacewar”
Douglas Engelbart: created more user
friendly computers
Engelbart: invented the computer mouse to
use with windows (not patentable)
1969
 Grandfather to Internet
 Four computers involved
 UCLA and Stanford’s first
attempt failed
 Resulted in better protocol
called Transmission
Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol (1982)
ARPnet continued…
E-mail: (1971)
Telnet: remote connection for controlling
computer(1972)
File Transfer (FTP): allowed information
to be sent in bulk (1973)
1973 (or 1976?)
 Robert Metcalfe (Xerox)
 Several computers connected within one
building
 Motivated by current development of first
laser printer
 Ethernet is now most widely LAN used
1974
 First ad for PC published in magazine
 Ad featured Intel 8008 “Scelbi”
 $565 with 1k of programmable memory
 $2,760 for extra 15k of memory
1975
The Altair “Worlds First
Minicomputer Kit”
 8080 CPU, 256 byte RAM
 “assembly required”
 2 programmers realized need for software:
Paul Allen and Bill Gates
BASIC
 Altair kickstarted home computer revolution
 Within 6 weeks, Allen and Gates compiled
BASIC for Altair
 BASIC required 4096 bytes of memory
(only 256 available)
 4k memory board was created but poorly
designed (Bob Marsh)
1975 continued
Allen and Gates started Microsoft
IBM 5100 or “Project Mercury” released
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first portable computer
$10,000 price
1976
 5 ¼” floppy developed by Alan
Shugart for Wang Laboratories
 Needed for desktop computers
1979
WordStar: first commercially successful word processing program
Other early word processing programs include:
• Electric Pencil, Apple Write I, Word, Word Perfect, Scripsit, Samnna III
VisiCalc
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First computer spreadsheet (ran on Apple II)
By fall, team wrote for Tandy, TRS-80, CommodorePET and Atari 800
$100
Sold to Lotus Development – became Lotus 1-2-3 by 1983
1981
IBM introduced PC with new 16 bit operating system
called MS-DOS 1.0
 16kb of memory expandable to 256k
 1 or 2 160k floppy disk drives
 Optional color monitor
 $1,565
 Built from shelf parts
IBM approached Bill Gates: suggested writing
BASIC into ROM chip
1981 continued
Gates referred IBM to Gary Kildall for
CP/M (control program for microcomputers)
IBM returned to Gates; agreed to allow Gates to
retain rights to market MS DOS
Graphical user interface (developed in 70’s by
Xerox) now popular
1983
MILnet developed: too many people had access to network
information
“The Lisa” (Apple) was first computer to use GUI
Cost $50 million to build, $100 million for software
5 Mhz, RAM 512K-2MB, 16K ROM, Lisa I had 2 internal 871K, 5 ¼”
drives
Lisa II and MacIntosh XL 3.5” floppy drive
1983
Apple’s infamous $1.5 million commercial for
MacIntosh Computer
MacIntosh 128K:
8Mhz, RAM 128k, ROM 64k
Weighed 16.5 lbs.
Cost $2,495
PRINTERS
1938: Chester Carlson discovered electrophotography
1949: Haloid Co. funded Carlson; later renamed to
Xerox
1953: first high speed printer by Remington Rand
1959: Xerox 914 copier introduced (process used
today)
1976: Inkjet developed but takes until 1988 to become
popular
PRINTERS
1978
Xerox introduced 9700 laser printer – first
commercial in world
Output of 120 pages per minute (still fastest)
1984
Hewlett-Packard = LaserJet
8 pages per minute
“all in one toner”
Promoted re-manufacturing industry in 1986
COMPACT DISKS
1970
• James T. Russell
• First digital-to-optical recording and playback system
• Idea ahead of its time
1980
• First CD player made by Russell’s own company
1985
• Philips and Sony Corporations made CD players for mass
production
• Licenses issued so disks and players compatible