Transcript Chapter 2
Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3rd Edition Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis Mario De La Garza, M.Ed. University of North Texas adapted from Janice Miner Holden, Ed.D. University of North Texas Historical Context • Age of Enlightenment/Age of Reason – Perfection through science and education • Age of Anxiety after WWI • Victorian value of sexual restraint • Anti-Semitism Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) • • • • • First-born and favored by his mother Before anything else, a scientist Interested in archaeology Interested in military language and imagery Memories of jealousy and sexual arousal 3 Phases of Development of Psychoanalysis • Phase I (1880s – 1905) – Used free association for cathartic release • Phase II (1905 – 1910) – Abandoned seduction theory – Theorized that seduction fantasies led to neurosis – Developed drive/structure model – Vienna Psychoanalytical Society • Phase III (1911 – 1939) – Developed ideas concerning biological drives and their influence on relationships Philosophical Underpinnings • Newtonian view – Conservation of energy – Forces – Cause and effect • Positivism • Empiricism • Scientific method Personality Development: Nature of Humans • Function of the Psyche – Energy – Drives to satisfy innate biological needs – Pleasure principle – Primary and secondary process – Cathexis and anticathexis Personality Development: Nature of Humans • Structure of the Psyche – Topographical Model • Conscious • Preconscious • Unconscious – Structural Model • Id • Ego • Superego Personality Development: Nature of Humans Personality Development: Nature of Humans • Dreams – Ego distorts and transforms id’s wishes into symbols – Manifest content: what one remembers – Latent content: original wish(es) – Single best source for understanding unconscious mind and its primary process Personality Development: Nature of Humans • Defense mechanisms – Two characteristics • Deny or distort reality • Operate unconsciously – Three categories • Avoidance • Developmental • Substitution – Always leave a residual of anxiety Personality Development: Role of the Environment • Infantile determinism • Three forms of environmental assault – Privation – Deprivation – Trauma • Familial influence • Extrafamilial influence Personality Development: Interaction of Human Nature and the Environment • Nature: Drives • Environmental Frustration • Psychosexual Development – – – – – Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latent stage Genital stage Personality Development: View of Functioning • Healthy – – – – Normal cognitive abilities Absence of propensity for excessive anxiety Moderate gratification and frustration Minimal use of defense mechanisms • Unhealthy – Weakened/underdeveloped ego – Excessive indulgence – Extreme privation, deprivation, or abuse Personality Change: Basic Principles • Key process: insight (making the unconscious conscious) • Where that key process is likely – Not to occur – To occur …and why Personality Change: Change Through Counseling • Client’s role – Free association • Counselor’s role – – – – Empathy Intuition Introspection Detached and objective • Stages – – – – Opening Transference Working through Resolution Personality Change: Change Through Counseling • Techniques – Free association – Interpretation – Dreamwork • Addressing resistance – Acknowledge and analyze – Discontinue and restate at different time Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments • Nature/nurture question – Genetics research putting more emphasis on biological forces – Genetics research also causing revision of blaming parents • DSM 5 diagnosis – Freud trained as a physician – Diagnosis was part of that training Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments • Pharmacotherapy – Freud trained as a physician – He wrote about possibilities • Managed care and brief therapy – Antithetical • Technical eclecticism – Techniques used by virtually every other approach to counseling Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments • Diversity issues – Theory lacks diversity – Freud considered chauvinistic and heterosexist • Spirituality – Religion resulted from wish to regress – Religion assuaged unconscious guilt • Research on personality development and function – Some ideas have been supported and other ideas negated by more recent research • Effectiveness of psychotherapy – Lack of research on efficacy Contributions and Limitations: Summary Topics • Weaknesses of theory/therapy – Questionable efficacy – Unavailable to many people – Culture-bound – Contradicts recent research – Fails to account for a genuine spiritual domain – Disempowering to clients Contributions and Limitations: Summary Topics • Distinguishing additions – Founding theory of counseling and psychotherapy – “Psychologized” Western culture • Current status – Some analysts are moving from a position of objectivity in relation to clients to one of intersubjectivity References Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2016). Theoretical models of counseling and psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.