Transcript Personality PowerPoint

PSYCHOLOGY:
Name the artist?
Maybe you’ve heard his music.
Kurt Cobain
• Member of top grunge band of early 90’s,
Nirvana
• Wife, daughter, fame, popularity
• At age 27, pressed the barrel of a 20-gauge
shotgun to his head, and pulled the trigger
In his diary, he wrote, “When you wake up this
morning, please read my diary. Look through
my things and figure me out”.
Did Kurt Cobain write the song, “I Hate Myself
and Want To Die” because of some unconscious
forces that he was unaware of and had repressed?
If so, how could we have explored what was in
Kurt’s unconscious?
“Monkey see monkey do/ I don’t know why I’d
rather be dead than cool” - Stay Away
“Everything is my fault/I’ll take all the blame” All Apologies
Freud had trouble proving there was an
unconscious, but he might have looked at these
lyrics and said that Cobain was hiding some of
his Unconscious feelings in his lyrics.
Figuring someone out involves exploring
PERSONALITY
Researchers have developed many ways
of assessing personality, but even if we do
gain an understanding of how we are
(personality), the question of why we are
that way (theories of personality) remains.
Personality theories help us understand the differences among people
PERSONALITY DEFINED
Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique
characteristics of a person
Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings
that are consistent
and long lasting
Personality States are temporary
patterns of
behavior and feelings that may arise in a specific situation
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
• Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that contains material
we are unaware of but that strongly influences behavior)
• Unconscious feelings as children = impact
adulthood
• Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud
Freud Described the following:
FREUD’S ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how
the mind functions and personality is shaped
Id
• instinctual & biological urges
• lustful, impulsive, fun – pleasure principle
• completely unconscious
• Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what
feels good)
• Ignores consequences
Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to conflict with
others (parents) and results in the development of the EGO in the
2nd and 3rd year of life.
Ego
• Rational & thoughtful
• Based on the reality principle, the awareness that
gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order
to accommodate the demands of the real world.
Superego
• Responsible for society’s rules of behavior
(moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are
disobeyed.
• Based on morality principle, must follow
moral standards and rules and breaking them
causes guilt.
ID – What you WANT TO DO
EGO – What you CAN DO
SUPEREGO – What you SHOULD
DO
ID & SUPEREGO are
frequently in conflict. Ego must
satisfy both.
Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the ID’s desires &
SUPEREGO’s rules cannot be satisfied, humans distort reality
using DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
I.
Used by ego to mask ID’s raw impulses into
more socially acceptable behavior.
I.
II.
III.
Rationalization: we unconsciously generate selfjustifying explanations to hide from ourselves the
real reasons why we act
Reaction Formation: the ego unconsciously makes
unacceptable impulses look like their opposites; “I
hate him” becomes “I love him”
Intellectualization: trying to overthink or “logic”
your way out of discomfort; for instance, instead of
focusing on sadness over a terminal diagnosis, you
focus on the details of the disease
Freud’s View of Humor
Freud viewed jokes as expressions of repressed sexual
and aggressive tendencies
Dead baby, “mommy mommy,” marriage broker jokes
are funny because our id enjoys them—but then we
quickly feel bad about that enjoyment because of our
superego
Freud’s techniques for exploring the Unconscious
• Freud believed that information in the unconscious
emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness
symptoms, etc. These are called Freudian Slips.
(“When you say one thing, but you mean your
mother.”)
•Dream interpretation, or analyzing
dreams
• Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Developmental Stages
Stages of Development:
1. Oral stage: (birth to 1 ½ )
1.
Focus is on feeding and weaning
2. Anal Stage: (1 ½ to 2 ½ )
1.
Focus is on toilet training
3. Phallic Stage: (2 ½ to 5 or 6)
1.
Focus is on Oedipus Complex
1. Interest in opposite sex parent
4. Latency Stage: (6 to preadolescence)
1.
Earlier conflicts become hidden
5. Genital Stage: (adolescence onward)
Focus is on seeking a marital partner
2. Earlier conflicts reappear
1.
FREUD’S LEGACY
• 1ST Person to propose unified theory to understand and
explain human behavior
• No theory more complete, complex, or controversial
• Some criticize his theory for being impossible to test
• Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the predecessor of all later
personality theories
IN FREUD’S FOOTSTEPS….
OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Carl Jung
• Freud’s personal successor before relationship ended because
Jung disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges
• The Collective unconscious (part of the mind that contains
inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people)
holds Archetypes (an inherited idea based on experiences of
one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s personality)
• Jung believed we fit our personalities to our Archetypes
ALFRED ADLER
• Believed people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority
• Inferiority Complex – when a person continually tries to
compensate for his weakness and avoid feelings of inadequacy.
Karen Horney
Our primary goal, in Horney’s opinion, is establishing
security.
If our need for security isn’t fulfilled when we’re little,
Horney believed we’ll spend the rest of our lives
looking for it.
Children who find security with their parents will
continue to find security with others later on; children
who fail to find security with others will grow up
feeling insecure and distrustful of others, resulting in
three behaviors: avoiding others, always giving in to
others, or dominating others.
LEARNING THEORIES
• Group of theorists known as Behaviorists
• Main belief is that the environment and reinforcement shape
personality
• As individuals differ in their learning experiences, they acquire
different behaviors and, hence, different personalities
•Focus on observable behaviors (not thoughts)
B.F. SKINNER
• Personality arises from
Operant conditioning
(specifically reinforcement)
• What is the behavior and
what causes (reinforces) it?
ALBERT BANDURA
• Personality acquired through reinforcement AND observational
learning, or imitation
• People direct behavior by choice of models
• Called Social Cognitive Theory
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Believe all humans strive for self-actualization, or the realization
of their potential
• Becoming true to oneself and having an ability to grow
ABRAHAM MASLOW
CARL ROGERS
• Two sides to each person (What they value and what they believe
others value in them)
• Self – one’s image of oneself (who they are) developed through
interaction with others
• Everyone wants Positive regard – viewing oneself in favorable
light due to supportive feedback from others
• People may reject parts of their person if they don’t receive
positive regard
• The self and the person are often different but accepting your
person results in becoming a fully functioning individual
TRAIT THEORIES
• Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy
behavior in different situations
• Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency to
behave in a particular way
• Traits apply to all people.
• Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)
BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY
Current popular belief; all personality traits derive from five
basic personality traits
EXTRAVERSION
AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
NEUROTICISM
O
C
E
A
N
PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY?
Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS
and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future
behavior.
OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person
must select on of several answers
MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) –
•
•
•
Most widely used objective test
567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false,
cannot say.
Originally to help diagnose mental disorders
MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test –
•
Rate personality on four scales
• Extraversion vs. Introversion
• Intuition vs. Sensing
• Feeling vs. Thinking
• Judging vs. Perceiving
PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
Require subjects to respond to pictures and phrases
that can be interpreted in many different ways.
Rorschach Test – series of ten
inkblots that subjects look at and
determine what they see. Most
widely used.
(TAT) Thematic Apperception Test –What do you see
series of pictures containing a variety of in this picture?
vague but suggestive scenes. 2nd most
widely used