Transcript Chapter 11: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

Chapter 11: Personality:
Theory, Research, and
Assessment
Defining Personality:
Consistency and Distinctiveness
_______________________
Dispositions and dimensions
____________________
_____________
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
_______________
Conscientiousness
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Freud’s ___________ theory
Structure of personality
___ - Pleasure principle
____- Reality principle
_________ - Morality
Levels of _________
Conscious
Unconscious
__________
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
_______
Sex and _________
Anxiety
_____________________
Figure 11.2 Freud’s model of personality structure
Figure 11.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics
Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples
Freud on Development:
Psychosexual Stages
________ = physical pleasure
___________ stages
____ , Anal, _______, Latency, _______
________ = Excessive gratification or frustration
Overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated
stage
Table 11.2 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
__________: Analytical Psychology
Personal and collective unconscious
________
_________ : Individual Psychology
Striving for superiority
_____________
Figure 11.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
_____
The _________
The role of internal conflict
The importance of early childhood _________
The use of defense mechanisms
____
Poor ________
Inadequate _______ base
____ views
Behavioral Perspectives
__________ views
Conditioning and response tendencies
________ social cognitive theory
Observational learning
_______
Self-efficacy
____________ views
The ________________ controversy
Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality
Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant conditioning
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
_____
Based on rigorous _______
Insights into effects of ________ and
environmental factors
_____
Over-dependence on ______ research
Fragmented view of personality
___________ views
Humanistic Perspectives
__________ person-centered theory
__________
Conditional/unconditional positive ______
Incongruence and anxiety
____________ theory of self-actualization
__________ of needs
The healthy personality
Figure 11.7 Rogers’s view of personality structure
Figure 11.8 Rogers’s view of personality development and dynamics
Figure 11.9 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Figure 11.10 Maslow’s view of the healthy personality
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
_____
Recognized importance of _______ views
Recognized importance of self-concept
Laid foundation for _______ psychology
_____
Many aspects of theory are difficult to ____
Unrealistic _________
More empirical research needed
Biological Perspectives
_______ theory
Determined by _______
Extraversion-introversion
__________________
Twin studies
Heritability estimates
The _________ approach
Traits conducive to reproductive fitness
Figure 11.11 Eysenck’s model of personality structure
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
_____
Convincing ________ for genetic influence
____
Too much reliance on ________ estimates
No __________ biological theory
A Contemporary Empirical Approach:
Terror Management Theory
Conflict between ______________ and
ability to foresee death
________ and self-esteem
Figure 11.13 Overview of terror management theory
Contemporary Empirical Approaches:
Terror Management Theory
Increasing subjects’ ______________
salience causes them to:
_______ moral transgressions more harshly
Be less tolerant of ________ of their country
Give greater rewards to those who uphold
cultural standards
Respect cultural ______ more
Culture and Personality
______________ self
_________________ self
Figure 11.14 Culture and conceptions of self