Transcript Child Psychology

DEFINITIONS
PSYCHOLOGY:
“ is the science dealing with human nature,function &
phenomenon of his soul in the main.”
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY:
“ is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction
between the conscious & subconscious element in a child “
EMOTION
“ An effective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow,fear,hate
or the likes are expressed”
- A feeling or mood manifesting in to motor / glandular activity.
IMPORTANCE OF CHILD
PSYCHOLOGY
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To understand the child better
To know the problem of psychological origin
To deliver dental services in a meaningful & effective
manner
To establish effective communication with the child & the
parent
To gain confident of the child & of the parent.
To teach the child & parents importance of primary &
preventive care .
To produce comfortable environment for the dental team
THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
 PSYCHODYNAMIC
THEORIES.
- Psychosexual theory –Freud
- Psychosocial theory – Eric Erickson
- Cognitive theory – Piaget
 BEHAVIOURAL
THEORIES
- Hierarchy of needs – Maslow
-Social learning theory – Bandura
- Classical conditioning – Pavlov
- Operant conditioning – Skinner
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
Sigmond Freud ( 1905 )
The first formal theory of personality to have
marked impact on psychology & psychiatry was
that of Sigmond Freud .This concept of
personality was based on the interaction
between three systems within each individual.He
called these systems as
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ID
EGO
SUPER EGO
ID: it is the basic structure of personality.
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Is present at birth.
Impulse ridden & strives for immediate pleasure &
gratification (pleasure principle)
EGO: it develops in 2nd -6th month of life when the infant
begins to distinguish between itself &the outside world.
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It is the mediation
between id & super ego.
Ego is governed by reality
principle. It is concerned
with memory & judgment
SUPER EGO:
 it is the prohibition
learned from environment
more from parents &
authorities)
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Oedipus complex
Young boys have a
natural tendency to be
attached to the mother &
they consider their father
as their enemy .
Hence they strive to
imitate their father to gain
the affection of the
mother.
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Electra complex
Young girls develop
an attraction towards
their father & they
resent the mother
being close to the
father
FREUD’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
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BIRTH
ORAL STAGE
ANAL STAGE
URETHRAL STAGE
PHALLIC STAGE
GENITAL STAGE
BIRTH
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INTRODUCTION:
Is the first experience to effect personality
development.
CHARECTERISTICS:
- Abrupt change at birth result in psycho physiological
emergency reactions (protective shell) similar to fear &
anxiety.
-the characteristics are observed in later life during
personality development & depend on child’s
susceptibility during this period.
- if the neonate gets used to the stimuli he is no longer
anxious.
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OBJECTIVES: These
reactions help the child to
learn some adaptive
mechanism against
anxiety stimuli.
 PATHOLOG: Neonates
who fail to adapt to abrupt
changes get startled
easily. this results in a
more protective
mechanism which is
maladaptive in later life.
ORAL STAGE [birth-18months]
Birth – 18 months.
 Introduction: In infants the oral cavity is the site for
identifying needs .it therefore serves as an erogenous
zone.
 Characteristic: This is a dependent stage since the
infant is dependent on adults for getting his oral needs
fulfilled
 Objectives: Satisfaction of oral desires eg:suckling of
milk by mother ,help in development of trust.
- In later period of life results in successful achievements
of needs.
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Pathology: If child’s
needs are not
adequately met in this
stage the following
traits develop:
- Excessive
optimism,narcissm,pe
ssimism, demanding
ness, envy, jealousy.
ANAL STAGE(18 months-3 yrs)
Introduction:
- maturation of neuromuscular
control occurs.
- control over sphincters
particularly anal sphincter
results in increased voluntary
activity.
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Characteristics:
development of personal
autonomy & independence.
Child realizes his control over
his needs & practices it with a
sense of shame or self doubt.
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Objective:
The child realizes the increasing voluntary control
,which provides him with the sense of independence &
autonomy.
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Patholog:
Anal eroticism & defenses against it result fixation on
anal function .It is characterized by various abnormal
behaviuors like:disorderliness,abstinence,
stubbornness,willfulness,fragility.
URETHRAL STAGE
 It
is a transition between the anal stage &
phallic stage.
 The child derives pleasure from exercising
his control over the urinary sphincter.
 Sense of independence & autonomy.
 Loss of urethra control result in shame.
- competitiveness
-ambition.
PHALIC STAGE (3-7yrs)
The stage begins 3 to 5th year of life .
 It is characterized by :
-Oedipus complex
-Castration anxiety: The 1st object of love for allof us is our mother.
The young boy however has a rival for his mother’s love ;his father.
He also recognizes the difference between boys & girls;the
difference that he has a penis & girls do not. This is the beginning of
castration anxiety, A FEAR OF LOSING ONES’ PENIS.
-Penis envy
-Electra complex
-Unusual fantasies about opposite sex
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The child realizes the sexual qualities without
embarrassment .Resolution of the stage in regulation of
drive impulse.
If the above mentioned characteristics are not resolved
the balance between male & female roles dos not
develop.
LATENCY STAGE
Resolution of any defects occurs in this phase. The
phase ends in puberty.
 Maturation of ego takes place
control over instinctual impulses
adapting to the adverse environment.
 Goal: further development of personality.
- consolidation of sex roles occurs.
-these result in maturation of ego & mastery over skills.
 Lack of inner control / excessive inner control result in
pathological trait.
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GENITAL STAGE
Psychosexual development extends from 11 to 13 yrs to
young adulthood.
 Sense of identity develops.
child has amatured personality
He can satisfy genital potency & realizes his goals for
reproduction & survival.
 Matures the personality of the individual.
Helps to separate from the dependence on parents.
Their acceptance of adult role, functions with social
expectations & cultural values.
 Unresolved traits from previous phases -modified form
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
{ PAVLOV (1927) }
Learning thro association
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Ivan Pavlov was one of the first to study
conditioned reflexes experimentally.
The crucial element of conditioning is the relation
between the conditioned stimulus & the unconditioned
stimulus.
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Principles involved in the process are:
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Generalisation:the process of conditioning is evoked
by a band of stimuli centered around a specific
conditioned stimulus.eg: a child who has had a painful
experience with a doctor in a white coat always
associates any Dr in white coat with pain.
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Extinction: It results if the association between
conditioned & the unconditioned response is not
reinforced,eg:in the above mentioned eg.
Subsequent visits to the doctor without any
unpleasant experiences results in extinction of fear.
 Discrimination: is the opposite of
generalisation.If the child is exposed to clinic
settings which are different to those associated with
the painful experiences the child learn to
discriminate b/w the two clinics & even the
generalized response to any office will be
extinguished.