Transcript Ch 2-8 ECE Review

Chapters 2-8
Review
Rome, Islam, Africa,
China, and Japan
Rome
Augustus – first emperor of Rome; known for Pax
Romana
Constantine – Roman emperor who moved the
empire’s capital to Byzantium (Constantinople);
ended attacks on Christians
Justinian/Justinian Code – ruler of the Byzantine
Empire known for his Justinian Code (legal code
that served empire for 900 years) and public works
(Hagia Sophia)
Republic – form of government where people vote
for their leaders
Schism – official split, specifically between Eastern
and Western Christian churches that led to Roman
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
Rome
1. What lead to the fall of the Western Roman
Empire?
End of new conquests = end of new sources of
wealth, so unable to pay for empire’s expenses
Less educated citizens = less informed
Decline in agriculture due to warfare, overuse,
and slave labor
Military and political problems like corrupt
military and politics
2. What types of architecture did the Romans
invent?
Arches, vaults, domes, aqueducts, and roads
3. Who invaded the Western Roman Empire?
Germanics, Huns, Slavs
Islam
oasis – desert area that contains water; provided relief
to desert nomads
nomad – person who moves from place to place
Qur’an – Muslim holy book
Sunnah – Muhammad’s words and deeds used as a
guide for proper living and later to develop a body of
law to decide legal matters
Caliph – political/religious head of a Muslim
community; used military to conquer other regions and
spread Islam
Inclusion – policy employed by the Abbasids allowed all
people to participate in government and cultural life
Shiite (Shia) – branch of Islam that believed caliph
should always be a descendant of Muhammad;
opposed Umayyad rule
Sunni – branch of Islam that accepted rule of first four
elected caliphs; did not resist Umayyads
Islam
1. Who were the “people of the book”?
Christians and Jews; have holy books with
teachings similar to Qur’an
2. Why was Mecca a major trade center?
Located on major trade routes
3. What is the main belief of Islam?
There is only one God
4. What are the Five Pillars?
Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage (to
Mecca)
5. Why was making Arabic the official
government language important?
Improved communication
6. Why were Shiites against Umayyad rule??
They were not relatives of Muhammad
Africa
kinship – connection among people
by blood, marriage, or adoption;
source of village government in West
Africa
griot – official storyteller that often
uses music to pass on a clan’s or
kinship group’s history
Mansa Musa – king of Mali known for
impressive pilgrimage to Mecca that
attracted travelers to Timbuktu
Africa
1. List Africa’s vegetation zones
Desert, Savannah/Sahel (grasslands), Rain forest
2. Why was the Niger River important to West Africa?
It was a key route for transportation, communication,
and trade that contributed to the economy of West
Africa
3. Why was gold such an important trade item?
Gold was a prized material to the world, and Africa had
lots of it!
4. How did Islam influence Africa’s rulers?
Muslim introduction of written language to Africa
helped them gain power in government
5. How did the African people respond to Islam?
They blended indigenous religions with Islam
6. What was the issue between Portugal and Kongo
regarding African slaves?
Portugal’s demand for slaves drained the population of
the Kongo.
China
Confucianism – belief system based on the ideas
of Confucius; principles include:
Right relationships = social order
Respect family and elders
Education
Do what is morally correct
Buddhism – Indian religion based on the
teachings of Siddhartha Gautama; principles
include:
Suffering is a part of life
People suffer because they are selfish and
materialistic
Escape suffering by living wise/moral life
Daoism – Harmony with nature and inner feelings
China
bureaucracy – government divided into
departments
meritocracy – system in which people are
chosen for jobs or promoted based on their
performance or skill
maritime – related to the sea; for example,
the type of travel/expeditions completed
during the Ming Dynasty
China
1. How did Wendi reunify China after the fall of
the Han dynasty?
Many old traditions were restored
2.
List some of China’s contributions.
Wood-block printing, moveable type, gunpowder,
magnetic compass, paper/paper money
3. Who’s known for being the first to issue paper
money?
The Tang and Song
4. What the difference between Wood Block
Printing and Moveable Type?
Wood block printing was done with wooden blocks
carved with enough characters to print entire pages,
while moveable type was a small block with a single
character that could be rearranged and used to print
different things.
Japan
Prince Shotoku – one of Japan’s most important
regents that was so impressed with Chinese
culture that he sent people to China to study,
established a Japanese embassy in China, and
was a strong supporter of Buddhism
Shinto – the traditional religion of Japan based on
respect for nature and ancestors
Bushido – the samurai’s unwritten code of honor
that called for honor loyalty, and bravery
Daimyo – a Japanese lord that owned large
amounts of land, paid no taxes to the government,
and had their own private armies of samurai
Zen – means “meditation”; form of Buddhism that
emphasizes self-discipline, simplicity, and
meditation
Kabuki – informal style of Japanese drama with
male actors using singing, dancing, elaborate
costumes, and heavy make up
Japan
1.
Describe Japan’s geography.
Advantages: mild climate; ocean served as source of
food (fish) and protection from invasion
Disadvantages: little flat land for farming (15%); few
natural resources; danger of natural disasters
2.
How did the Japanese adapt Buddhism?
They adopted forms of Buddhism whose beliefs and
practices best met their needs; Zen was most common
3. What was the basis of the feudal system in
Japan?
A political and social system in which lords gave
land/protection to vassals in exchange for loyalty/service.
4. What was the Tale of Genji, and why was it
important?
The Tale of Genji, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu, was
the world’s first important novel because it was the first
long, realistic story focused on one individual.