Transcript Chp 8
Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean, 5001000 Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider • In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief? • How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean? • What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship? • What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire? Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 • The Ambitions of Justinian I (r. 527-565) – Reconquest • The Campaigns of Belisarius (505-565) – Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula • Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs • The Costs of Empire – Ceremony • Imperial Dignity • Empress Theodora (497-548) – The Nika Riot, 532 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 • The Search for Christian Unity – Authority • The Mystery of the Mass • The Limitations of Laity – Belief • The Debate over the Nature of Christ – The Condemnation of the Monophysites Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 • The Codification of Roman Law – The Body of Civil Law – Family Law • The Governance of the Patria Potestas – Commerce • The Regulating Power of Contracts Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 • Constantinople: The New Rome – The Grandeur of the Hagia Sophia – The Epicenter of Commerce • Bazaars – The Ravages of Bubonic Plague Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 • The Empire after Justinian – New Pressures • Lombards in the West • Avars in the East – Heraclius (r. 610-641) • Reforms and Stabilization • Victory against the Persians The Rise of Islam, 600-700 • The Setting: the Arabian Peninsula – Trade and the Caravans – The Coastal Plain and the Towns • Mecca and the Importance of the Kaaba – The Domination of the Quraysh Tribe The Rise of Islam, 600-700 • The Life of Muhammad (570-632) – Conversion • The Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran) • The Spread of Muhammad’s Message – Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina • The Hejira, 622 – Muhammad’s Leadership and Death The Rise of Islam, 600-700 • Religious Beliefs – Submission and Obedience to God’s Will – The Five Pillars of Islam • • • • • One God—Allah Prayer Fasting During Ramadan Charity The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca The Rise of Islam, 600-700 • Christians and Jews: People of the Book – Contrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority – Treatment of the Dhimmi • Muslim Families – The Practice of Polygamy – Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for Women • The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling • Opportunities: Property Management and Moral Authority The Expansion of Islam, 700800 • The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion • The Umayyad Dynasty – The Schism between Shi’ites and Sunnis – The New Capital in Damascus, 661 • Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands The Expansion of Islam, 700800 • Conquest in the West – The Conversion of the Berbers – Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of Gibralter – Settlement in Africa and Iberia • Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732 • The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at Baghdad • The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba The Expansion of Islam, 700800 • Islamic Civilization – The Influence of Older Cultures and Traditions – Art and Literature • The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca. 747-813) – Commerce and Urban Life • The Promotion of Trade – Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071 • Losses and Reforms – Territorial Decline in the South and West • The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt – Military and Administrative Policies • Constans II (630- 668) and the Creation of Themes • Strengthening Defenses – The Navy and Greek Fire – The Cataphracts • Creating Dissension Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071 • The Waning of Byzantine Society – Plague and Population Collapse – The Decline of Education and Literacy • The Controversy over Icons – Leo III (r. 717-741) and the Initiation of Iconoclasm Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071 • Irene (ca. 752-803): From Regent to Empress – Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm • A Reorientation to the North – The Threat of the Rus • Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca. 827869), Methodius (ca. 825-885), and the Cyrillic Alphabet – The Growing Muslim Threat in the South • The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071