Transcript Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan, Korea & Vietnam

TWO CHINESE DYNASTIES
AND THEIR INFLUENCE
Chapter 12 & 13
Era of Division
• 220 CE- 589 CE: Period after
fall of Han
• Nomadic Invasions
• warring among regional
kingdoms
• Bureaucracy and scholargentry class collapsed
• saw rise of aristocracy
• Increasing influence of
Buddhism; less Confucianism
Rebuilding
A. Sui Dynasty
• Wendi
• Yangdi
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murdered father to gain power
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Extended territory
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reorganized Confucian education
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Reestablished scholar-gentry
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Grand Canal
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Enjoyed luxury
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Unsuccessful Korean campaigns, 611 & 614, Loss to Turks in 615, led to
revolts by provincial governors
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Yangdi assassinated 618
Tang Empire
•Li Yuan- Duke of Tang, kept
imperial order by emerging as
successor to regional battles in
623, son Tang Taizong, 626
•conquer nomads, Tibet, Vietnam,
Manchuria, Korea, integrated
Yangtze River valley
•Forced migration of conquered
military peoples,
•sinification of conquered peoples
Rebuilding Bureaucracy- RETURN OF
THE TESTS!!!
•Tang monarch reestablished scholargentry class: Why???
•Counter power of aristocratic nobles
•Provide structure for massive empire
Importance of Exam System
• Ministry of Rites: administered the
exams, ensured academies taught
proper curriculum
• Jinshi: Passed exams, received
gov’t jobs, family special privileges
• Technically based on hard work
• Family position helped (corruption)
State & Religion- Rise and Fall of Buddhism
• Buddhism spread
• Mahayana
• Zen
• Tang Empress Wu (690-710) financially
supported the spread of Buddhism
Anti-Buddhist Backlash
• Emperor Wuzong persecuted Buddhism
• destroyed Buddhist monasteries
• ensuring Confucian supremacy from 9th century
onward
Tang Decline & Rise of Song
• Tang Emperor Xuanzong- interest in
pleasure
• 755, An Lushan led revolt
• because of general neglect of empire,
economic, military distress
• Tang repressed rebellion using military
alliances with nomads (who then turned
and invaded China)
• Provincial governors (bureaucrats)
declared independence, raised armies,
taxes
• Last emperor resigned in 907
Founding of Song
• 960, Emperor Taizu
• Unable to defeat Liao Dynasty in north (nomads)
• required to pay tribute to Manchu peoples, 1004
• Scholar-gentry more important than military
• increased salary for officials
• Revival of Confucian Thought
• Neo-Confucianism: applying philosophy to
everyday life; morality highest goal; less
receptive to outside ideas; focus on rank,
obligation, tradition
Song Decline
• Weakness shown at hands of Khitan encouraged
other nomads
• Military weak- Scholar-gentry and arts BLOATED
• Last try:
• Wang Anshi tried to reform Song dynasty: with
loans, agriculture, irrigation support, taxed
landlords & scholars
• After supportive emperor died- goodbye reforms!
• 1115, Jurchen overthrew Liao and invaded Song to
Yangtze, leaving Southern Song Empire
Tang & Song Prosperity
A. Economic Expansion
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Grand Canal: linked center of China south to north China
Plain and Yangtze river basin; transport money, troops,
food, laborers
Silk Road reopened with political stability: exported
manufactured goods, imported luxury items
Bureaucracies regulate commerce, markets, guilds;
elevated status of commerce
Establish banks, gov’t loans, credit- PAPER MONEY
State encouraged agriculture- regulated irrigation,
education about soil prep, military garrison to protect
agriculture, gave more lands to peasants
Glorious Age of Invention & Creativity
• Engineering, Banking Practices
• Explosive powder, poison gases, rocket launchers
• Compass, abacus, printing press in 11 th century
• Neo Confucianism stressed skillful writing, painting, literature;
blending philosophy with everyday life
• Depictions of landscapes, natural beauty
Women’s Roles
• Role of Empress Wu & Yang Guifei
supported female role as subordinate,
• Neo Confucianism honored women as
mothers, bearers of sons
• Foot binding limited mobility
SPREAD OF CHINESE
CIVILIZATION TO
JAPAN, KOREA &
VIETNAM
Chapter 13
Japan: The Imperial Age
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The Ultimate Attempt to Copy China: 646 Taika
Reforms
Etiquiette
Confucianism
Buddhist temples
Emperor called “Son of Heaven”
Han/Tang bureaucracy
Why Taika failed . . .
Resisted by aristocracy,
Buddhist monks who influenced emperor
Abandoned Reforms 760s- restoring aristocratic families,
rank by birth, local leaders organized military
Heian Japan
 Court at Heian
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Actual Power at court waned YET
court culture flourished
Pursuit of luxury, beauty,
surrounded by nature
The Tale of Genji
Women expected to be poised,
educated, creative
II. Era of Warrior Dominance
Decline of Imperial Power and
Chinese Influence
• Aristocratic families ,Buddhist monks,
Elite families tried to accumulate land
• Families formed mini-states- Bushi
States
• built own armies (samurai) loyal to
local lord (Feudalism)
• As provincial lords power grewimperial power and court aristocracy
shrunk.
• As Tang in China fell apart- Japan lost
interest in Chinese glamour (scholargentry? “son of heaven”? Hah!
Instead aristocratic feuds and
SAMURAI!)
Japanese Feudalism Begins
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12th Century – the Minamoto
clan v Tiara
Minamoto established
Kamukura Shogunate at end
of Gempei Wars w/ Tiara
14th Century: Ashikaga
overran Emperor,
undermined all universal
authority
1467-1477 Civil war waged
between 300 kingdoms led
by Daimyos
A. Military Division & Social Change
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Social Structure
Emperor- Symbolic
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants suffered under incessant
warfare
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Successful daimyos stabilized village
life, introduced new agricultural
innovations; attracted successful
merchants, artisans
2. Women gained independence in
merchant, artisan families
B. Artistic Solace
 Zen Buddhism encouraged arts,
beauty in rough, simple nature