Transcript Ch. 9 slides - China

Ch. 9
East Asia 600 - 1450
China = Tang and Song
Dynasties
Japan = Feudalism
China between
600 - 1200
Chang’an - capital
Song Dynasty, China
Huangzhou - capital
Big Picture Changes
What specific items on your ID List support each of these big
trends?
• Changes include an increase and concentration
of wealth in China
• Intensification of cross-cultural exchanges
• Innovations in transportation and commerce
• Influence of pastoral, nomadic culture of Central
Asia
What were caravanserais and what impact might
they have had on what regions?
“In the east, in days gone by, when the hazards of travel
were many and the comforts were few, travelers often
banded together in caravans for protection. Stopping
places for the caravans were called caravanserais…and
they were a place to sit around a fire at night and
exchange stories…In the day, travelers…might see each
other only as silhouettes wavering in the heat haze. At
night, under the starry sky, they could come together
again…to the travelers, the caravanserais were a
cheerful source of news, companionship and
entertainment.”
Source: Nawab Pasnak
Sui
Dynasty
589 - 618
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reunites China
builds Grand Canal
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connects Yangzi and Huang He Rivers
will facilitate internal trade between northern and
southern China
will facilitate political and cultural unity, allowing
Chinese hegemony during later Tang era
Tang
Dynasty
618 - 907
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Tang emperors and nobles descended from the Turks.
Significance of influence of Central Asian culture:
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Buddhism
strong military tradition - horses
Capital - Chang’an - cosmopolitan - one of the largest
cities
Tang Era - one of the greatest eras of Chinese history
How did they come to rule? experts at horse warfare
which included the use of the stirrup in military
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Tang Government
Ruled over Turkic tribes in the north
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tribes became vassals of Tang rulers
daughters of Turkic leaders married off to Tang rulers
sons of Turkic leaders sent to Chang’an to “study” became hostages
Extended rule over Korea and Vietnam
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Korean kingdoms defeated in war - Silla kingdom - becomes a tributary state
- China’s vassal - woodblock printing invented in China but Koreans
advanced printing by inventing movable type printing which impacts China Confucianism and Buddhism introduced to Korea from China
Vietnam also became a tributary state - loyal vassal to China - Champa rice
introduced to China from Vietnam and Confucianism and Buddhism
introduced to Vietnam from China
Ambassadors of tributary states had to perform the kowtow ceremony (a
deep bow before the Chinese emperor in which the forehead touched the
ground)
Tang
Government
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scholar-gentry class
aristocrats
merchants
peasants
How did Tang emperors establish hegemony over
east Asia?
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Emperor
They ruled with an elaborate bureaucracy made up of the scholargentry class which diminished the power of the land-holding
aristocrats.
To become a bureaucrat you had to pass a Confucianist civil service
exam.
control
What does the word hegemony mean?
Xuanzang
(shuanjang)
• Chinese Buddhist monk
and traveler
• Popularized Buddhism in
China when he travelled to
India in 645 C.E. and
brought back hundreds of
Buddhist texts
• Buddhist monasteries
and temples could not be
taxed
Decline of Tang
• Neglectful, inefficient emperors
• rebellions from peasants
• Uighurs, nomads, attack Chang’an
• emperors granted more and more
power to regional military commanders.
Song Era
960 - 1127 Northern Song
1127 - 1279 Southern
Song
The scholar-gentry class continued to make up the
emperor’s bureaucracy.
A civil service examination based on Confucianism
continued to be given in order to select the civil
servants.
Capital cities were trading cities and government
centers.
Commerce and Industry of the Song
era
• steel
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gunpowder
movable type printing
large ships called junks
small compass suitable for navigation
credit - “flying money” - paper could be redeemed for coins
Commercial transactions were facilitated by the use of paper money,
a Chinese innovation in the 11th c.
Government will print too much leading to inflation
Champa rice from Vietnam (originally from India) will sustain large
population. First brought to China as a tribute gift to the Song Court.
Ideology of the Song Era
Neo-Confucianism
• Neo-Confucianism was the ideology of the Song
era.
• Neo-Confucianists promoted formal education.
• Neo-Confucianists emphasized traditions that
reinforced class, age and gender distinctions.
• Neo-Confucianists emphasized a male-dominated
hierarchy.
Status of women
•The practice of foot binding
began during the Song era.
•It spread only among elite
women.
•It was a sign of female
subordination during the late
Song period. It restricted
women by making it difficult
and painful to go too far away
from their home.
Japan
Environment:
Japan is mountainous and in earlier times was
heavily forested. Only 11 percent of its land area
was suitable for cultivation.
Taika Reforms - What
they borrowed:
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Borrowed ideas from China received through their
embassies in Chang’an
Included:
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a legal code
Confucianism
reverence for Buddhism
Impact on Japan: create a centralized government
Taika reforms - What
they did not borrow:
• Mandate of Heaven = Japanese dynasty never
changed
• Emperors all came from the one and only
dynasty of Japan and were not as powerful as
Chinese emperors as Shinto leaders held
tremendous power.
• Religion:
Indigenous belief: Shintoism
Japan - status of
women
Year: 1021
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Influence of Confucianism = lowers
women’s status in Japan
Elite women lived in isolation so they
dedicated their time to Buddhism
and poetry, diaries and...here comes
first novel:
Heian Period
of Japanese
History
794 - 1185
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Heian Era: 794 - 1185
794 the government moves to Kyoto - called Heian during this time
Fujiwara family controlled and protected the emperor - they were priests, bureaucrats
and warriors
Pursuit of an aesthetic life of poetry and art leads them to leave the day-to-day
activities of local governing and collecting taxes to the warriors - by 1100’s warriors had
become wealthy and powerful
=
Feudal
Japan
Kamakura Shogunate
begins 1185