Transcript ch 10
World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 10 Central and Eastern Asia, 400 - 1200 C.E. Objectives • Understand the role of Buddhism and its relationship to the Tang state and the reasons for and results of the backlash against Buddhism in the late Tang and Song periods. • Be able to discuss the history and the significance of the relationships between China and its neighbors, including Central Asia, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. • Be able to carry out a simple comparative analysis of the different roles of Buddhism in China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan. • Understand the nature and significance of technological innovation in the Song Empire. Revisiting China • disintegration of Han Dynasty in 220 C.E. • political fragmentation • warfare and epidemics – social dislocation • advances in metallurgy, pharmacology, and mathematics • reunification in 6th century • spread of ideas – trade, travel, education Sui and Tang Empires, 581-907 Sui Empire - 581-618 – reuniting of China – reestablishment of Confucianism – Buddhism political influence • Mahayana / Bodhisattvas • encouraged leader to maintain harmonious society • monasteries / prince alliances • Grand Canal – links Yellow and Yangtze Rivers – communication and trade • Mahayana / trade network • overextension = Tang – mix goods and culture of Asia – cosmopolitan Tang Empire Tang Empire- 618-907 – Li Shimin • avoided overcentralization • C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\Desktop – Chang’an • 1 million population • hub of communication • tributary system – supremacy tributes – seafaring skills • compass and large ocean ships • spread of bubonic plague • warfare – Chinese weapons • crossbow / armor – Turkish horsemanship Tang Integration Central Asian / Islamic – pants in lieu of robes; polo – cotton replaces hemp – grape wine, sugar, spices • Import Substitution – cotton, tea, sugar – loss of silk monopoly • porcelain – world’s leading supplier Loss of Buddhist Influence – – – – blame for political upheavals tied to C. Asian barbarians exempt from taxes undermining of family Fractured Power in Asia and China Tang Failure – dependence on local military and tax collections – underfunding of army / rebellion • political disintegration Central Asia – Uigur and Tibet • Tang Empire rivals • Uigur – N. Mongolia – Turks in control of trade routes • merchants and scribes • linked Islamic lands to China • Tibet – linked China to India – Buddhist commonality Assessment 1. What role did Buddhism play in the early Sui and Tang Empires? 2. Why did Buddhism fall out of favor in the late Tang Empire? 3. What was the relationship between Tang China and The Uigurs and Tibetans? East Asian Emergence Replacement of Tang Dynasty • Liao - N. China (Beijing) • Tangguts - W. China • Song - C. China Liao - 916-1125 AD – pastoral tradition; horsemanship – rulers as bodhisattvas • legitimacy for rule – military competitor to Song • siege machines • 1005 tribute truce – Jin (Jurchen) • destroyed Liao in 1125 • drive Song south of Yellow Song Empire Technology / Industry – use of Tang technology • quasi-industrial revolution – – – – 1st to use fractions Crab Nebula (1054) small, seafaring compass mechanical celestial clock • time, date, moon-star movements – junks • stern-mounted rudder • Military – high-quality steel • weapons, bridges, armor – gunpowder • grapeshot cannons Economy and Society Civil Outranks Military – neo-Confucianism • moral and social responsibility • reaction to Buddhism and Daoism – Chan / Zen Buddhism » salvation thru mental discipline (meditation) » India / Tibet • man is naturally good • ideal human is the sage • civil service – recruited most talented men • movable type – techniques for land cultivation – prevent disease (mosquitos) – agricultural tool adaptation Economy and Society Population Growth – over 100 million • waste, water, firefighting Credit – “flying money” • guarantee of exchange – issuance of paper money • inflation - taxes and sell-offs – urban merchant fortunes Women – cultural subordination • anti-Buddhism, neo-Confucianism • manage but not own property • footbinding – elite status symbol Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Rice Farming (China) – Confucian ideals • hierarchy, obedience, discipline • anti-Buddhism Compatibility – Confucian / Buddhism • no examination system • hierarchy and harmony • Chinese writing system – farming / landowning elites • no urban challengers Korea – Koryo – unification in 900s • strong relations with Song – movable type printing blocks Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Central Japan Unification – Korean warriors in 4th-5th cen. – Chinese Influence • Confucian legal code & govt • interest in Buddhism • architectural style – Deviations • no walled cities • no Mandate of Heaven • emperor (tenno) as figurehead – ruling families (Fujiwara) • Confucian learning over warrior • local govt control to warrior – aesthetic way of life • new elite based on military values (samurai) – Kamakura Shogunate Tale of the Heike Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Vietnam – rice-based like Southern China • Champa rice – Confucian / Buddhism influence • tribute state of Song • Women – more power than China – Trung sisters (Vietnam) • resistance to Han invaders – limited education • The Tale of Genji (Japan) – Murasaki Shikibu – “general knowledge”