Transcript Modal Model of the Mind

Modal Model of the Mind
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
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Modal Model of the Mind
 Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and
duration
 Control processes - control movement of information
within and between memory stores
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
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Sensory Memory Store
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
 Function - holds
information long enough to
be processed for basic
physical characteristics
 Capacity - large
can hold many items at once
 Duration - very brief
retention of images
.3 sec for visual info
2 sec for auditory info
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Sensory Memory Store
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
 Divided into two
subtypes:
iconic memory visual information
echoic memory auditory information
 Visual or iconic
memory was
discovered by Sperling
in 1960
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Sperling’s Experiment
 Presented matrix of letters for
1/20 seconds
 Report as many letters as
possible
 Subjects recall only half of the
letters
 Was this because subjects
didn’t have enough time to
view entire matrix? No
K
Z
R
Q
B
T
S
G
N
 How did Sperling know this?
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Sperling’s Experiment
 Sperling showed people can
see and recall ALL the letters
momentarily
 Sounded low, medium or high
tone immediately after matrix
disappeared
K
Z
R
High
 tone signaled 1 row to report
Q
B
T
Medium
S
G
N
Low
 recall was almost perfect
 Memory for image fades after
1/3 seconds or so, making
report of entire display hard to
do
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory
Experiment
1. Letters are displayed
on a screen for 1/20
of a second
Q C F T
S K G O
W R J B
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory
Experiment
2. Screen is blank
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory
Experiment
Length of time
varies up to
one second
3. Tone is sounded,
indicating row
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory
Experiment
4. Subject reports
letters in row
indicated by tone
S, K, G, ...
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory
Experiment
G
A
M
V
K
U
X
L
S
F
Q
J
O
N
U
A
Z
N
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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Sensory Memory Store
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
 Sensory memory forms
automatically, without
attention or
interpretation
 Attention is needed to
transfer information to
working memory
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Working Memory Store
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention Working or
Short-term
Memory
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Working Memory Store
 Function - conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on
 Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items)
 Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds)
 Code- Often based on sound or speech even
with visual inputs.
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention Working or
Short-term
Memory
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Working Memory Store
 What happens if you need to keep
information in working memory longer than
30 seconds?
 To demonstrate, memorize the following
phone number (presented one digit at a time):
857916 3
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Working Memory Store
 What is the number?
857-9163
The number lasted in your working memory
longer than 30 seconds
So, how were you able to remember the
number?
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Maintenance Rehearsal
 Mental or verbal repetition of information
allows information to remain in working
memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Working or
Short-term
Memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal
 What happens if you can’t use maintenance
rehearsal?
 Memory decays quickly
 To demonstrate, again memorize a phone
number (presented one digit at a time)
BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by
sevens (i.e., 1014, 1007, 1000 … etc.)
628509 4
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Working Memory Store
 What is the number?
628-5094
Without rehearsal, memory fades
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Peterson’s STM Task
 Test of memory for
3-letter nonsense
syllables
 Participants count
backwards for a few
seconds, then recall
 Without rehearsal,
memory fades
100
Percentage 90
who recalled 80
consonants
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation
of consonants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
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Working Memory Store
 What happens if you need to remember more
than 7 +/- 2 items?
 To demonstrate, memorize the following 16
digit number (presented one digit at a time):
1492181219982001
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Chunking
Grouping small bits of information into
larger units of information
expands working memory load
Which is easier to remember?
4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6
 483 792 516
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Working Memory Model
 Baddeley (1992)
 3 interacting components
Visuospatial
Sketch Pad
Central
Executive
Phonological
Loop
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Working Memory Model
 Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info
 Phonological loop - holds verbal information
 Central executive - coordinates all activities of working
memory; brings new information into working memory from
sensory and long-term memory
Visuospatial
Sketch Pad
Central
Executive
Phonological
Loop
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Long-Term Memory Store
 Once information passes from sensory to
working memory, it can be encoded into
long-term memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
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Long-Term Memory Store
 Function - organizes and stores information
more passive form of storage than working memory
 Unlimited capacity
 Duration - thought by some to be permanent
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval 31
Long-Term Memory Store
 Encoding - process that controls movement
from working to long-term memory store
 Retrieval - process that controls flow of
information from long-term to working
memory store
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval 32
Summary
Modal model of memory
three memory stores (sensory,
working and long-term memory)
control processes (attention,
maintenance rehearsal, encoding
and retrieval) govern movement of
information within and between
stores
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