Transcript Name the Seven Dwarves

Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
As you might have guessed, the next topic
we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the longterm storage.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley
Jumpy Hopeful Goofy
Sleazy
Shy
Droopy Moody
Hoppy
Dopey Sniffy
Wishful Puffy Ren
Dumpy Sneezy
Pop Grumpy Cheesy
Bashful Cheerful
Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy
Happy Doc
Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Quiz Question
Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that
included v, q, y, and j. He later recalled these
letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the
original letters had been encoded
A. Automatically
B. Visually
C. Semantically
D. Acoustically
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.
• Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last
1-2 s.)
• Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts a
fraction of a second)
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Long Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• Explicit
(declarative)
memories
• Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories
Explicit Memories (aka,
declarative memories)
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
Formed by the
hippocampus; stored in
the cerebral cortex.
Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories
• Conditioned Memories
Formed by the
cerebellum; stored
in the cerebral
cortex.
To summarize….
CliveWearing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw
•
BBC How Does Memory Work
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxVb6M8UPTQ&noredirect=1
How to remember
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8S8V9VEFyI&feature=r
elated
• Superior Autobiographical Memory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHeEQ85m79I
Tuesday, October 30
Fact or Falsehood.
Write out these statements. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Once you learn to ride a bicycle, you won’t likely forget.
2. The best way to remember something is to repeat it many
times.
3. People with photographic memory are rare.
4. There is no known limit to how much information you
can remember.
5. You can remember important events from the first two
years of your life.
6. There are certain tricks you can use to improve your
memory
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our
heads!!!!
Two ways to encode information
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental
information.
• Examples: what table you were
seated at a restaurant; what you ate
for breakfast, where on the page a
word was, who you saw on the way
to class today.
• Things can become automatic with
practice (when you first learn a new
word, every time you hear it, you
consciously and effortfully pull up
the definition from meaning; after
hearing it 50 times, you can
understand the word without effort
– reading Shakespeare.)
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
• Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
• Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most
common effortful processing technique.
• It depends on the amount of time spent
processing the information.
• Overlearning (reviewing things you already know)
enhances retention.
Spacing Effect
• We increase longterm retention
when we study or
practice over time.
• Cramming is an
inefficient means of
studying
Quiz Question
Your consciously activated but limitedcapacity memory is called ________
memory.
A. short-term
B. Implicit
C. Echoic
D. Explicit
E. Semantic
Quiz Question
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of
skills is to ________.
A. brainstem; hippocampus
B. Explicit memory; implicit memory
C. Automatic processing; effortful
processing
D. Short-term memory; long-term memory
E. Iconic; echoic
Serial Positioning Effect
• We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency
effect) of a list best.
• Primacy effect is stronger than recency effect if there is a delay between
the list and recall.
Words remembered
Order on list
Value of elaboration
A = does the word contain an “e”? Yes or no.
B = how many syllables does the word have?
C = does the word evoke pleasant (P) or unpleasant (U)
feelings for you?
A words: fireplace, movie, shoe, puppy
B words: tortilla, window, goldfish, basketball
C words: Dickens, soda, popsicle, dream
From which list did you remember the most? Why?
Which type works best?
Chunking
• Organizing items
into familiar,
manageable units.
• Often it will occur
automatically.
Take 10 seconds to try to remember
this number list:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Chunk- from Goonies
What are some other
examples of chunking?
Tricks to Encoding
Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
-Often use imagery (peg word, method of
loci, “hippo on campus…”)
-May use chunking (HOMES, ROY G. BIV),
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
•
Mnemonic for remembering spelling:
I before E except after C,
and when sounding like "ay" as in Neighbor or Weigh
(unfortunately there are more than 200 exceptions including 'weird' and names
like 'Sheila' and 'Freidman')
•
Mnemonic for predicting the next day's weather:
Red sky at night, sailor's delight,
red sky in morning, sailors take warning.
Mnemonic for remembering the number of
days in a month:
Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November;
All the rest have thirty-one
Excepting February alone:
Which has twenty-eight, that's fine
PEG WORDS
Memorize these countries:
Canada,USA, Mexico, Belize
• You might think of a can (Canada) on the sidewalk. Uncle
Sam (USA) walks along and practically trips on the can.
He goes to a Texaco (Mexico) gas station to call for a
doctor. While he’s waiting, he feels the cool
evening breeze (Belize). Etc.!
Improve your memory
• http://health.howstuffworks.com/humanbody/systems/nervous-system/how-toimprove-your-memory1.htm
• This is an article
Study pitfalls
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Visual encoding: thinking about the appearance of the
word
Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of the word
(unless it is set to music—then it is great for rote
memorization)
The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the
person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered;
in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but
we do not remember it.
Quiz Question
In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges,
and potatoes the next time he does to the
grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP”
with the first letter of each item. He is using a
memory aid known as
A. Chunking
B. The spacing effect
C. The serial position effect
D. The method of loci
E. The next-in-line effect
Quiz Question
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new
office with a new phone extension. Every time
he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first
thinks of his old extension, illustrating the
effects of
A. proactive interference
B. Retroactive interference
C. Encoding failure
D. Storage failure
• As you listen to this list of words decide
whether or not the word contains the letter
“e”
• As you listen to this list of words try to
visualize an image that matches the word.
Decide if you like the word.
• How do you remember?
Passive
Active
Create a Mindmap
• 3 Steps to remember: