Transcript Memory - Hensley

Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarfs
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
What factors determine the difficulty or ease of
the task?
•Whether you like Disney movies?
•How long ago you watched the movie?
•How loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember?
As you might have guessed, the next topic
we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarfs
exercise?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
The Memory process

The processing of information into longterm storage.
Encoding
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girl’s name at a party
Storage
 The
retention of encoded
material over time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval

The process of getting the information
out of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven
dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley
Jumpy Hopeful Goofy
Sleazy
Shy
Droopy Moody
Hoppy
Dopey Sniffy
Wishful Puffy Ren
Dumpy Sneezy
Pop Grumpy Cheesy
Bashful Cheerful
Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy
Happy Doc
Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy
Seven Dwarfs
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-inthe blank tests).
 With recognition- you must identify
the target from possible targets
(multiple-choice tests).
 Which is easier?

 Sensory
Memory
 Short-Term Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
•Long-Term Memory
Types of Memory
Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory
system.
 Echoic – sensory memory for sound
(last 1-2 s.)
 Iconic – sensory memory for vision
(lasts a fraction of a second)
 Stored just for an instant, and most
gets unprocessed.

Memory that holds a few items briefly.
 Seven digits (plus or minus two).
 The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.

How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Short-Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
 Explicit
(declarative)
memories
 Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories

Explicit Memories (aka,
declarative memories)

Episodic Memories

Semantic Memories
Formed by the
hippocampus; stored in
the cerebral cortex.
Implicit Memories


Formed by the
cerebellum; stored
in the cerebral
cortex.
Procedural Memories
Conditioned
Memories
To summarize….
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our heads!!!!
Two ways to encode information
 Automatic Processing
 Effortful Processing



Unconscious encoding of incidental
information.
Examples: what table you were
seated at a restaurant; what you ate
for breakfast, where on the page a
word was, who you saw on the way
to class today.
Things can become automatic with
practice (when you first learn a new
word, every time you hear it, you
consciously and effortfully pull up
the definition from meaning; after
hearing it 50 times, you can
understand the word without effort
– reading Shakespeare.)
Automatic Processing





Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most
common effortful processing technique.
It depends on the amount of time spent processing
the information.
Overlearning (reviewing things you already know)
enhances retention. (This is why Dr. Humble will
probably never allow senior exam exemptions.)
Effortful Processing
Spacing Effect
We increase long-term
retention when we
study or practice over
time.
 Cramming is an
inefficient means of
studying (ie:
cramming = less time
for NBA 2K)

Bed
Toss
Quilt
Tired
Dark
Artichoke
Silence
Turn
Fatigue
Rest
Clock
Dream
Snoring
Sleep
Night
All-purpose memory demo
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity
memory is called ________ memory.
A. short-term
B. Implicit
C. Echoic
D. Explicit
E. Semantic
Quiz Question
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills
is to ________.
A. brainstem; hippocampus
B. Explicit memory; implicit memory
C. Automatic processing; effortful processing
D. Short-term memory; long-term memory
E. Iconic; echoic
Quiz Question
Serial Positioning Effect


We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency
effect) of a list best.
Primacy effect is stronger than recency effect if there is a delay between
the list and recall.
Words remembered
Order on list
A = does the word contain an “e”? Yes or no.
B = how many syllables does the word have?
C = does the word evoke pleasant (P) or
unpleasant (U) feelings for you?
A words: fireplace, movie, shoe, puppy
B words: tortilla, window, goldfish, basketball
C words: Dickens, soda, popsicle, dream
From which list did you remember the most? Why?
Value of elaboration
Which type works best?
Chunking
Organizing items into
familiar, manageable
units.
 Often it will occur
automatically.

Take 10 seconds to try to remember
this number list:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Chunk- from Goonies
What are some other
examples of chunking?
Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
-Often use imagery (peg word, method of
loci (lo-sai (center source)), “hippo on
campus…”)
-May use chunking (King Philip Came Over
for Great Spaghetti, SOHCOHTOA, My very
earnest mother just served us nine [pizzas],
ROY G. BIV)
Give me some more examples….
Tricks to Encoding
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
Self-Reference Effect
 The
idea that we
remember things
when they relate
to ourselves.
 What do we do in
class to take
advantage of this?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Visual encoding: thinking about the
appearance of the word
Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of
the word (unless it is set to music—then it is
great for rote memorization)
The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember
what the person has just said or done if we are
next.
Information presented minutes before sleep is
seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep,
well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by
ears, but we do not remember it.
Study pitfalls
In order to remember to buy sugar, ham,
oranges, and potatoes the next time he
goes to the grocery store, Nabeel forms
the word “SHOP” with the first letter of
each item. He is using a memory aid
known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Chunking
The spacing effect
The serial position effect
The method of loci
The next-in-line effect
Quiz Question
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into
a new office with a new phone
extension. Every time he is asked for his
phone number, Carlos first thinks of his
old extension, illustrating the effects of
A.
B.
C.
D.
proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Encoding failure
Storage failure
Quiz Question