Transcript Memory

 How
does memory affect
your identity?
 If you didn’t have a memory
how would your answer the
question – How are you
today?
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Encoding – Get information into our
brain
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Storage – Retain that information
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Retrieval – Get it back out
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The immediate very brief recording of
sensory information in the memory
system
 The sensory memories act as buffers for
stimuli received through the senses
Information is passed from sensory
memory into short-term memory by
attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to
only those which are of interest at a
given time.
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Short-term memory acts as a scratchpad for temporary recall of the
information under process
Short term memory decays rapidly
and also has a limited capacity.
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Chunking of information can lead to an increase
in the short term memory capacity.
This is the reason why a hyphenated phone
number is easier to remember than a single long
number.
The successful formation of a chunk is known as
closure.
Interference often causes disturbance in shortterm memory retention.
This accounts for the desire to complete the tasks
held in short term memory as soon as possible.
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Human beings do all their active thinking
and problem solving in working
memory.
The quality of the input into working
memory and of the operations that go on
there determine the quality of learning
and problem solving.
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1 - Getting information correctly into this
short-term area
2 - Handling the information
appropriately while it is there
3- Moving information correctly from
working memory to long-term storage,
and using the information in working
memory to generate some kind of output.
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A system for permanently storing,
managing, and retrieving information for
later use. Items of information stored as
long-term memory may be available for a
lifetime.
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Encoding involves linking new
information to existing knowledge in
order to make the new information more
meaningful.
The quality of this process is related to
the degree with which new information
can be integrated or assimilated with
existing knowledge.
Much encoding involves labeling
thoughts with words, but pictorial or
other forms may be used as well.
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Automatic
 Unconscious encoding of incidental
information such as space, time and
well-learned information
Effortful
 Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort such as in rehearsal
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Rehearsal increases our memories by
conscious repetition.
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Distributed study time produces better long
term recall.
How can this help you?
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Primacy
From Primary meaning first
 Remembering the items at the beginning of
the list
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Recency
Related to Recent
 Remembering the items at the end of the list
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Visual Encoding
 Images
Acoustic Encoding
 Sounds
Semantic Encoding
 Meanings
Which produces better recognition
later?
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Memory Aids
First-letter Technique
 Substitution Technique
 Visual Codes
 Peg-words
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Mnemonic devises are what type of
encoding?
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Chunking
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Organize information into meaningful
units.
Hierarchies
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Broad concepts divided into
subdivided into narrower concepts and
facts
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Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory
 Fleeting photographic memory that lasts no
more than a few tenths of second
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Sensory Memory
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Echoic Memory
 If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words
can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds
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Physical Basis of Memory
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Memory Trace
Synaptic Changes
Long-term memory involves physical
changes in the brain - most likely some kind
of facilitation at the synapse
 Study of synaptic meeting places where
neurons communication with one another via
their neurotransmitter messengers
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List of Famous Sevens
 Seven Wonders of the World
 Seven Seas
 Seven Deadly Sins
 Seven Primary Colors
 Seven Musical Sale Notes
 Seven Days of a Week
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Long-term Potentiation
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Repeated experiences increase the efficiency
of certain synapses by “pulling” receptor
sites and axon endings closer together, as
well as making the receptor neuron more
sensitive over the long run.
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Provides a neural basis for learning and
remembering associations
 Protein
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GREB
Neurotransmitter
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Glutamate
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Arousal can cause certain events to
burned into the memory – while
disturbing memories from other neutral
events at the same time
Strong emotions create more reliable
memories.
Weaker emotions means weaker
memories.
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant
moment or event?
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Do you have a flashbulb memory?
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Do you remember
9/11 ?
 When Obama was elected?
 When the Phillies won the Pennant?
 Outdoor Ed?
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The loss of
memory
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Explicit memories consist of memories from
events that have occurred in the external
world.
Information stored in explicit memory is about
a specific event that happened at a specific time
and place.
In forming and storing explicit memories,
associations are done with previous related
stimuli or experiences. Therefore, explicit
memories can be remembered and recalled,
and rely on previous experiences and
knowledge.
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Implicit memories cannot be looked up or
remembered to be used for actions and
reasoning.
They consist of memories necessary to perform
events and tasks, or to produce a specific type
of response.
This type of memory is shown through
activation of the sensory and motor systems
needed to perform a certain task.
There are two basic types of implicit memory;
repetition priming and skill learning.
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Hippocampus
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Explicit Memories appear to be stored here
Cerebellum
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Implicit Memories appear to be stored here
Recall
 Recognizing
 Relearning
 Retrieval Cues
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 Priming