Transcript Chapter 7: Memory

Chapters 6 & 7: Memory, Thinking,
Language, and Intelligence
Part 1: Memory
Memory
• Process by which we
recollect prior
experiences and
information and skills
learned in the past
• Process by which
information is
encoded, stored, and
retrieved
Explicit Memories
• Clear, includes
specific information
• Episodic
– Memory of a specific
event
– Flashbulb memories
• Semantic
– General knowledge
Implicit Memory
• Implied, automatic, not
clearly stated
• Skills or procedures you
may have learned
• Use priming –
activation of specific
associations in the
memory – often as a
result of repetition
Encoding
• Translation of information into a form in which
it can be stored
– Visual
– Acoustic
– Semantic
THUNSTOFAM
• If you used a visual code to remember – you
would have mentally represented it as a picture
(mental image)
• If you used an acoustic code, you may have read
the list of letters to yourself in sequence
• If you saw the letters as a three-syllable word
“thun-sto-fam” you were using both acoustic and
semantic codes
• If the letters served as an acronym like The
United States OF America this gives the letters
meaning, which is a semantic code
Storage
• Maintaining information over time
• A variety of processes used to store
information
– Maintenance Rehearsal
– Elaborative Rehearsal
– Organizational Systems
Retrieval
• Locate storage information and return it to
conscious thought
– Context-Dependent Memory
– State-Dependent Memory
– Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Three Stages of Memory
1. Sensory Memory - Immediate, initial recording of
information
a. Iconic Memory
b. Eidetic Imagery
c. Echoic Memory
2. Short Term Memory – working memory
a)
b)
c)
Primary and Recency Effect – recall first and last items on a list
Chunking – organize information into manageable units
Interference – only so much information can be retained; new stuff
replaces what was there
3. Long Term Memory – permanent storage
Basic Memory Tasks
• Recognition – identifying objects that’s been
seen before (multiple choice tests)
• Recall – bring back into mind – forget half of
information after first hour, then it slows
• Relearning – with some study and effort we
can usually relearn things quickly
Types of Forgetting…
• Decay – fading away of a memory
• Repression
• Amnesia – severe memory loss due to
brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness,
repression
Amnesia
• Dissociative – psychological
trauma
• Infantile – Can’t recall events
before age of three
• Anterograde – Can’t form
forming new memories
• Retrograde – forget period of
time leading up to event
Improving Memory
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Drill and practice
Relate to things you already know
Form unusual associations
Construct links
Use mnemonic devices
Part 2: Thinking and Language
Thinking
• Paying attention to information, representing
it mentally, reasoning about it, and making
judgments and decisions about it.
Problem Solving
• Heuristics
– Rules of thumb to find a solution
– Analogies – partial similarity among things that
are different in other ways
• Algorithms
– Specific procedure that will always lead to the
solution of a problem (formulas)
• Convert the temperature from Fahrenheit to
Celsius?
Problem-Solving Methods
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trial & Error
Difference Reduction
Means-End Analysis
Working Backward
Analogies
Incubation Effect
• Answer just comes to us without working on it
• Not consciously thinking about it
• Reasoning
– Use of information to reach conclusions
• Inductive Reasoning
– individual cases / facts help to reach conclusion
– Premises could be correct while conclusion is
wrong
• Deductive Reasoning
– conclusion is true if premises are true
Inductive Reasoning
1. All the tigers observed in a particular region
have yellow black stripes, therefore all the tigers
native to this region have yellow stripes.
2. Every time I go to Chick-Fil-A I get food
poisoning. Therefore, if I go to Chick-Fil-A today,
I will get food-poisoning
Deductive Reasoning
1. South Korea is in Asia
2. The city of Seoul is in South Korea
3. Therefore, Seoul is in Asia (conclusion)
Language
• Communication of thoughts and feelings
through symbols that are arranged according
to rules of grammar.
Stages of Language Development
1. Cry / Coo / Babble (prelinguistic)
2. Words – usually around
1 year
3. By 18 mts – 24(ish
words)
4. 2 Year Explosion
Part 4: Intelligence
Intelligence
• Underlying ability to understand the world
and cope with its challenges
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
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Verbal / Linguistic
Logical / Mathematical
Visual / Spatial
Bodily / Kinesthetic
Musical / Rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Existential
Stanford – Binet Scale
• Measurement of intelligence
• Score yields a mental age (intellectual level at
which a person is functioning)
• IQ = relationship between mental age & actual
age
• Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = IQ
• Only measures verbal ability
Wechsler Scales
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Measurement of Intelligence
Verbal & nonverbal
Avg. score = 100
Answers compared to others the same age
50% scores 90-110
2% above 130
2% below 70
Mental Retardation
• IQ of 70 or below
• But more than just an
IQ score
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Borderline (IQ 70-85)
Mild (IQ 50-70)
Moderate (IQ 35-49)
Severe (IQ 20-34)
Profound (IQ below 20)
• Causes
– Accidents
– Difficulties in child birth
– Pregnant woman that
abuses alcohol, drugs or
malnourished
– Genetic disorders
Giftedness
• IQ above 130
• Creativity and motivation, outstanding
abilities (music, language arts, math, science)
• Identify early
• Can be highly creative and not be gifted
What influences Intelligence?
• Heredity & Environment
• What can parents do to improve
environment?
– Be emotionally / verbally responsive
– Involved in kids activities
– Preschool
– Well-organized and safe home environment
– Independent kids
Adults & Intelligence
• Drop off in intelligence among older adults
– Usually in response time, not vocabulary
• How to maintain health
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Income level
Education level
Stimulating jobs
Intact family life
Attend cultural events, read, travel
Marriage to spouse w/ high intellectual ability
Flexible personality