Transcript Memory - KCSD Connect

Cognition:
•
Studying and Building Memories
•
Memory Storage
•
Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory
Improvement
•
Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity
•
Solving Problems and Making Decisions
•
Thinking and Language
Introduction
 Memory Capacity Activity
 TED Talk: The Fiction of Memory by Elizabeth Loftus
https://www.ted.com/playlists/196/the_complexity_of_
memory
Module 31: Studying & Building
Memories
MEMORY: The
persistence of
learning over time
through the encoding,
storage, and retrieval
of information.
Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine
what to pay attention to.
Working Memory
Information Processing
 https://education-
portal.com/academy/lesson/informationprocessing.html
Building Memories: Encoding
 Explicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences that one
can consciously know and “declare.”
 Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort.
 Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental
information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of welllearned information, such as word meanings.
 Implicit Memory: Retention independent of conscious
recollection (skills we learn).
Categorizing Memory
 https://education-
portal.com/academy/lesson/categorizingmemory.html
How does sensory memory work?
 Iconic Memory: A momentary sensory memory of visual
stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no
more than a few tenths of a second.
 Echoic Memory: A momentary sensory of auditory stimuli;
if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be
recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Chunking = Grouping items to make them easier to
remember
https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/improving-shortterm-memory.html
Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to
memorize and retrieve information
Famous Mnemonic Devices
 Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for.
 Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge-
 King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles Super Man Helps Every One-
Famous Mnemonic Devices
 Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for.
 Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally(Parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
 Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
 Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge(E,G,B,D,F)
 King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
 My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
 Super Man Helps Every One(Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)
Module 32: Memory Storage
and Retrieval
 Retaining Information in the Brain
 Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.
Memory and the Brain
We are still
learning about the
role of the brain in
MEMORY. To
what extent the
brain is
involved is still
being
determined.
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
 hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that
helps process explicit memories for storage
 Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple
different regions.
Hippocampus
Long-Term Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules,
words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth
consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not
require conscious recollection
Memory Storage
DID YOU KNOW!
Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are
shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves
your ability to recognize and recall
information
FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first
83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World
Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled
deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with
near perfect accuracy
Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual
images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you
saw.
DOES IT EXIST?
Superior Autobiographical Memory
 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-gift-of-endless-
memory/
Module 33: Forgetting, Memory,
Construction, and Memory
Improvement
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure
Motivated Forgetting
• Self-serving
personal histories
• Repression
FORGETTING
Types
Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or
brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or
subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
•Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning
new information
• Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes
with previously learned information
Memory Construction Errors
 Misinformation and Imagination
 Source amnesia (source misattribution)
 Déjà vu
 Discerning True and False Memories
 Repressed or Constructed Memories
• Eyewitness Testimony
• It is often wrong
• Involves recognition
• Memory of event is often distorted
• Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning
Improving Memory
• Rehearse repeatedly
• Make the material meaningful
• Activate retrieval cues
• Use mnemonic devices
• Minimize interference
• Sleep more
• Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and
to help determine what you do not yet know
Module 34: Thinking,
Cognition, and Creativity
Creativity
• Ways to boost creativity
– Develop your expertise
– Allow time for incubation
– Set aside time for the mind to roam
freely
– Experience other cultures and ways of
thinking
Module 35: Solving Problems and
Making Decisions
Problem Solving:
Strategies and Obstacles
• Algorithms
– Step-by-step
• Heuristic
• Insight
• Confirmation
bias
• Mental set
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and
Judgments
• Intuition
– Automatic unreasoned feelings and thoughts
– Seat of their pants
• The Representative Heuristic
– Prototype
– Likelihood of something
 Overconfidence
• Belief perseverance
– Consider the opposite
• Framing
Module 36: Thinking and Language
Language and Language
Acquisitions
 https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-
is-language.html
 https://education-
portal.com/academy/lesson/languageacquisition.html
Language Development
• Receptive language
• Productive language
– Babbling stage
– One-word stage
– Two-word stage
– Telegraphic speech
Language Development
Language and the Brain
• Aphasia
• Broca’s Area
• Wernicke’s Area
Language
 What is language?
 https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-islanguage.html
 Language Acquisition
 https://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/language-acquisition.html