Transcript Storage PowerPoint

Unit 7 – Ch. 9 - Memory
STORAGE & RETRIEVAL
VIDEO CLIPS
 Today Show How to improve memory- 6 mins
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL3BOSbCLPM&safety_mode=tr
ue&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
 60 mins- people with really good memories – each one is 12mins- part
1 different people’s stories, part 2 the science behind these people
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTkBgHNsWM
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en23bCvp-Fw
 2014 60 mins
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/when-a-memory-wiz-remembers-yourlife/
Warm up – don’t need to write
 What is the capacity of working memory?
 In your own words, what is encoding, storage and retrieval?
 What is the difference between maintenance and elaborate rehearsal?
 Who is the “King” of memory?
 What is the Serial Position Effect?
 Why is chunking needed?
 Using what you have learned about memory, list 3 ways you could study
better.
Part 2
Sensory Memory
Short Term
Memory
Long Term
Memory

Storage: Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system. All information is
held here briefly (1/2 to 4 seconds)
 Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is important
Sensory Memories include both:
1.
Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual
stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second.
2.
Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for auditory
stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds.
Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as
we try to measure it.
George Sperling’s Experiment to
Measure Iconic Memory

Demo 1- Sensory Memory
AGB
TJK
WLP
KRG
XDT
WLP
XCV
BHY
OTR
MKL
WDC
BGT
DWS
VFT
GXC
ZXA
QKI
NHY
FVG
HYU
AVH
JKI
LKM
NYT
How Does Sensory Memory Get
Processed Into Memory?
Sensory memories disappear unless you focus
your selective attention on the information.
Attention causes information to be further
processed.
Rehearse things and make them relevant and
meaningful to yourself
Only way to get info into short term and
then eventually into long term memory
storage
Storage: Short Term Memory
 Peterson Study
Demo 2
1. You want to remember TXL
2. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s
3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet
Remember LTS
4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet
 5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on
If you don’t rehearse info. it goes away
Storage: Short Term Memory
 STM- has a limited capacity and duration
Couple seconds
7 +/- 2
 Remember random digits better than random letters
 Remember things we hear better than things we see
 If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember
things longer
 Only through rehearsal and or self reference do short-term memories
become long term memories.
Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic?
 Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a
little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such
furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that
little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent.
Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every
addition of knowledge you forget something you knew
before.”
 Is this true?
Storage- Long Term Memory
Average adult has a billion bits of info in
their memory
If you don’t properly encode info, it
becomes hard to recall
We don’t always encode info correctly
LTM= limitless capacity
Rajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment
Demo 3
2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9
6160894
4-6 average
10-19 extraordinary
20-30 brilliant
So Where Are Memories Stored?
Karl Lashley searched for
the brain “engram,”
physical “memory trace”
in rats after they had run
mazes from 1920 to 1955.
Lashley believed:
Learning was NOT
localized, all parts of
cortex worked together
and as a whole.
Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For
Memory
Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long-lasting
strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed
to be the neural basis for learning and memory.
Process occurs naturally when we learn through
association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in
process become more efficient at transmitting the signals.
Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically.
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
Stress hormones boost impact on learning.
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit
Memory
Hippocampus:
neural center
located in limbic
system that helps
process explicit
memories for
storage….left and
right
hippocampus
have different
effects.
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory
Names, images and events
Damage to the Left= trouble with verbal info.
Damage to Right= visual designs and locations
Different parts of the brain house different memories
Monkeys with Hippocampus damage had old memories
that remained intact
Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit
Memory
Cerebellum: helps facilitate
associate learning responses
classical conditioning.
Cutting pathway to the
cerebellum makes rabbits
unable to learn conditioned
responses.
Storage Loss: Amnesia
 Amnesia refers to the loss of memory.
Depending on the damage or disease
different kinds of memories can be
damaged
 Amnesiac patients typically have losses in
explicit memory.
 Explicit Memory (declarative memory):
memory of facts and experiences that one
can consciously know and declare.
My birthday is ………
Napoleon is…………
Implicit Memory
Other type of memory storage is
known as:
Implicit Memory (Procedural
Memory): retention of things
without conscious recollection. Is
Skill Memory.
Walking
Riding a bike
Soccer
A Diagram For Your Viewing
Pleasure
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Warm Up
 Come up with 1 thing you know about memory. Each student will have to share their fact
with the class. You may not repeat facts
Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Storage,
Retrieval, and Forgetting
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Recall: a
measure of
memory in which
the person must
retrieve
information
learned earlier.
Ex: Fill in the
Blank.
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Recognition: a
measure of
memory in which
the person need
only identify
items previously
learned.
Easier than recall
Ex: Multiple
Choice
Retrieval Cues
Priming: activation,
often unconsciously,
of particular
associations of
memory.
Missing child poster….
Kidnapped
Tastes, smells, sights
Retrieval Cues
Context Effects Memory
Retrieval: able to
retrieve information
better when you are in
the same context you
learned it in.
Deja Vu
Demo 1
Emotional/Mood impact of memory
1. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall
experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
Depressed people recall parents as rejecting,
mean…..
Teenagers and their relationships with their parents
Bad mood…. Look=glare
2. State-Dependent Memory: information is most easily
recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was
learned in.
Drunk
7 Sins of Memory
1. Absent Mindedness – inattention to details
produces encoding failure
2. Transience- unused info. fades
3. Blocking- unable to access stored info….tip of your
tongue
4. Misattribution- confusing the source of the info.
7 Sins of Memory
5. Suggestibility- the lingering effects
of misinformation
Leading questions
6.
Bias- belief-colored recollections
7. Persistence- unwanted memories
won’t go away
Blocking Demo
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Oslo
Ankara
Nairobi
Montevideo
Lhasa
Canberra
Lisbon
Bucharest
Port- au- Prince
Sofia
Seoul
Baghdad
Nicosia
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Nicosia
Manila
Managua
Helsinki
Bogota
Ottawa
Bangkok
Caracas
Juneau
Santa Fe
Pierre
Jefferson City
Topeka
Dover
27. Raleigh
28. Montpellier
29.Olympia
30. Cheyenne
31.Jackson
32. Concord
33. Boise
34. Springfield
35. Harrisburg
36. Salem
37. Helena
38. Hartford
39. Lansing
40. Augusta
Forgetting
 Forgetting is a result of
either:
1. Encoding Failure
2. Storage Decay OR
3. Retrieval Failure
Forgetting As Encoding Failure
Information never enters the memory system
Attention is selective
we cannot attend to everything in our
environment
William James said that we would be as bad
off if we remembered everything as we would
be if we remembered nothing
Change Blindness
Penny
Encoding Failure: Which Penny is the Real
Deal?
Penny
1. Which way does Lincoln Face? To the Left or
Right?
2. Is anything written above his head? If yes,
what it is?
3. Is anything below his head? If so, what is it?
4. Is anything written to the left of his face? If so,
what is it?
5. Is anything written to the right of his face? If so,
what is it?
Penny
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lincoln faces to the right
Above his head it say’s “ In god We Trust”
Below his head is nothing
To his left it says” liberty”
To his right is the year the coin was minted
More Encoding Failures
1. What is the color of the top stripe of the American flag?
 Red
2. The bottom Stripe?
 Red
3. How many red and white stripes does it have?
 7 red and 6 white
More Encoding Failures
4.
Most wooden pencils are not round. How many
sides do they typically have?
Six
5. In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her
torch?
Right
Storage Decay
Over time we just
forget things

Retrieval Failure
Forgetting can
result from failure
to retrieve
information from
long-term memory
Google
Forgetting and Spanish Learned
Percentage of 100%
original
90
vocabulary
80
retained
70
Retention
drops,
60
then levels off
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 3 5
9½
14½
25
35½
49½
Time in years after completion of Spanish course
Forgetting As Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other
information
Proactive(forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of
new information
New Phone Number
New schedule
Forgetting As Interference
Retroactive (backwards acting)
Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on
recall of old information
Teacher learning new names
Take a break after learning