Transcript Metals and Nonmetals

• METALS= LEFT SIDE OF PT
• NONMETALS= RIGHT SIDE OF PT (except Hydrogen)
• METALLOIDS= ALONG THE STAIRCASE (except Aluminum)
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METALS & NONMETALS
• Where are the metals
and nonmetals on the
PT?
• What are the
properties of metals
and nonmetals?
• What are metalloids?
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Coloring in the Periodic Table
Notice the difference between the appearance of the
metals and nonmetals.
Click here for a better view of each of the elements.
Examples of Metal
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Physical Properties:

Solid at room temperature
- exception: Hg
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High density
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Silvery-gray
- exception: Au and Cu

Good Conductors

Metallic luster (shine)

Malleable

Ductile
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Physical Properties of Metals
High Density – Heavy for their size
 Have Luster -shiny
 Are Conductors -heat and electricity move
through them easily
 Malleable – Can be hammered into a
different shape
 Ductile – Can be drawn into a wire
 Metals are solid, except for mercury

Physical Properties of METALS
LUSTER – the way an object’s surface
reflects light
Metals have shiny luster. (or metallic luster)
When you leave a spoon in a cup of hot drink, the bit
poking out of the drink gets hot. Why? Conduction!
METALS are the best conductors of heat.
This is because the electrons in metals move more freely than
in non-metals, allowing the heat energy to travel across the
metal.
For example, when the spoon touches the hot drink, the heat
from the drink excites the electrons in the metal, and the
electrons transfer the energy from one electron to another,
carrying the heat all the way up the spoon quickly.
Best conductors:
silver and copper
Physical Properties of METALS

Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Copper, silver, and gold are good electrical
conductors. In a conductor, electric current
can flow freely. Since metals have free
electrons, they can carry a charge easily.
Copper Wiring
Physical Properties of METALS
Metals are ductile.
Ductility or ductile – can be drawn into
a wire
Chemical Properties of Metals

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Reactivity – the ease and speed
with which an element combines,
or reacts, with other substances.
Metals usually react by losing
electrons to other atoms (makes
positive ion).
Metals corrode easily
Some metals are very reactive.
Ex: Sodium (Na) reacts very
strongly with water.
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Chemical Properties of Metals

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Metals corrode easily.
Corrosion – the deterioration of a metal
due to a chemical reaction in the
environment.
Oxidation – reaction with oxygen
molecules by losing at least one
electron.
Iron reacts slowly with oxygen in the air
(oxidation), forming iron oxide, or rust.
Reaction (Explosion) of Alkali Metals with Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvVUtpdK7xw
Periodic Trends in Reactivity: the Alkali Metals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2Mg1UmIE0
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Element Families
• Just as human family
members often have
similar looks and traits,
members of element
families have similar
chemical properties
because they have the
same number of
electrons in their outer
energy levels.
• The electrons in the
outer-most energy level
are called valance
electrons.
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Element Families
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Alkali Metals
• The metals in Group 1 are called alkili metals.
• These metals are the most reactive metals in the periodic
table.
• They are so reactive that they are never found as
uncombined elements in nature. They have to be
isolated in the lab.
• The alkali metals form compounds that are similar to
each other.
• Alkali metals each have one outer energy level electron.
• It is this electron that is removed when alkali metals
react.
•
The easier it is to remove an electron, the more reactive
the atom is.
• The reactivity of alkali metals increase down the group.
Alkali Metals
Periodic Trends in Reactivity: the Alkali Metals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2Mg1UmIE0
Reaction (Explosion) of Alkali Metals with Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvVUtpdK7xw
Why do atoms combine?
Alkali Metals
Valance
electron
Alkali Earth Metals
• The elements of Group 2 are called the alkaline earth metals.
• These metals are harder and denser, and melt at higher
temperatures than alkali metals.
• They are very reactive, though not as reactive as the alkali
metals.
• These metals are also never found uncombined in natures.
Element Families
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Transition Metals
• The elements in Groups 3 through 12.
• The transition metals include iron, copper, nickel, gold, and
silver.
• Most of these metals are hard and shiny solids. Ex. mercury.
• With the exception of mercury, the transition metals often
have high melting points and high densities.
• They are also good conductors of heat and electric current,
and are very malleable.
• The transition metals are less reactive than the metals in
Groups 1 and 2.
Lanthanides and Actinides
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There are two rows of
elements placed below
the main part of the
periodic table.
The top row are the
lanthanides.
Compounds containing
lanthanide neodymium
(Nd) are used to make
laser light, used for
surgery, cutting metals.
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Lanthanides and Actinides
The
elements
below the
lanthanides
are called
actinides.
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Many of these elements are not found in
nature but are made artificially in laboratories.
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Transuranium Elements
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Elements that follow uranium (U, 92) in the
periodic table are transuranium elements.
These elements are made, or synthesized,
when nuclear particles are forced to crash
into another.
They are called synthetic elements.
To make elements with atomic numbers
above 95, scientists use devices called
particles accelerator.
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Element Families
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Where do we find METALS?
Some metals like gold, silver, and platinum are
found as pure substances in the earth’s crust
because they are least reactive.
Most metals are reactive and are found as oxides
(react with oxygen), carbonates (react with carbon),
sulfides (react with sulfur).
Minerals : are elements or compounds which
occur naturally inside the earth’s crust.
Ore : is a mineral from which metals can be
extracted profitably.
THE NONMETALS
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PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS
Physical Properties:

Can be gas, solid, or liquid at room temperature

Come in all colors

No metallic luster (dull)
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Poor conductors
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Brittle
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Odors or pungent
Chemical Properties:
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Tend to gain electrons
(makes negative ion)
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The Periodic Table
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Examples of NONMETALS
Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases.
Examples:
Solids – Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus
Liquid – Bromine
Gases – Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
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Examples of NonMetals
Physical Properties of
NonMetals
Dull – not shiny
 Poor conductors – means that heat and
electricity do not move through easily
 Brittle – break easily
 Most nonmetals are gases at room
temperature

Physical Properties of
NONMETALS
Nonmetals have a dull luster.
(They are not shiny!)
Example: Phosphorus
Physical Properties of NONMETALS
Nonmetals are insulators.
They do not conduct electricity or
heat well.
Physical Properties of NONMETALS
Nonmetals are insulators.
They do not conduct electricity or
heat well.
The atoms in nonmetals do not have
loose electrons. Therefore, when
electricity, or something hot touches a
non-metal, the energy does not move
quickly through the material.
What would you rather stir a hot pot
with—a wooden spoon or a metal spoon?
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An interesting element: Carbon
Ever break the point of your
pencil? That’s because it’s
made of graphite, a substance
made up completely of
Carbon—a brittle nonmetal.
However diamonds, the hardest
material of all, are made of the
same element: Carbon.
Look at how the carbon atoms
are arranged in diamonds—why
do you think diamonds are
harder than graphite?
Carbon
atoms in
graphite
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METALLOIDS
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METALLOIDS
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Properties and characteristics of both metals
and nonmetals
Along the staircase/steps of the periodic table
EXCEPT: Al, At
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METALLOIDS
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Metalloids are the elements found along the
stair-step line that distinguishes metals from
non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and
Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only
exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other
Metals".
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Metalloids have properties of both metals and
non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and
germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry
an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes
metalloids useful in computers and calculators
The Metalloids are:
Boron
Silicon
Germanium
Arsenic
Antimony
Tellurium
Polonium
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METALLOIDS
The elements contained in the classification of Metalloids:
METALLOIDS
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Elements classified as Metalloids have physical
properties of both metals and non-metals.
All metalloids are solids at room temperature.
Some are shiny, some are dull, they are
somewhat malleable and ductile, and can conduct
heat and electricity at a lesser level than metals.
SILICON
BORON
ARSENIC
METALLOIDS
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Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and
germanium, are semi-conductors.
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct
electric current under special conditions.
This property makes metalloids useful electronics (in
calculators, radio, computers, telephones, etc.)
They are useful because they conduct just the right
amount of electricity or heat.
PRACTICE!
METAL, NONMETAL, METALLOID
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Hydrogen
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Magnesium
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Calcium
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Arsenic
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Carbon
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Helium
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Lead
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Aluminum
NONMETAL
METAL
METALLOID
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Lets Classify!
________ Silver
______ Iron
________ Oxygen
______ Calcium
_________ Carbon
______ Sulfur
_________ Aluminum
_______ Sodium