Transcript One-mole Amounts

One-mole Amounts
Periodic Table
Group 1A: Alkali Metals
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
• Solids at room temp
• Reactive
• React with water to produce hydrogen and
alkaline solutions.
• Found in nature only in compounds, not as
free element.
Group 1A: Alkali Metals
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
Reaction of
potassium + H2O
Cutting sodium metal
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
• React similarly to alkali metals with water
(except Be)
• Occur inC nature only as compounds
• Abundance: Ca – 5th
Mg – 7th
• Calcium carbonate – limestone, coral,
marble, chalk, sea shells
• Radium – radioactive, medicinal use
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Magnesium
Magnesium
oxide
Group 3A: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
• Aluminum most important; abundant in
Earth’s crust
• B only metalloid, the rest are metals
Group 3A: B, Al, Ga, In,
Tl
Cu
Al
Al resists corrosion
(here in nitric acid).
Gallium is one of the few
metals that can be liquid
at room temp.
Gems & Minerals
• Sapphire:
Al2O3 with Fe3+
or Ti3+ impurity
gives blue
whereas V3+
gives violet.
• Ruby: Al2O3
with Cr3+
impurity
Group 4A: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
• Form oxides of the form XO2
• Carbon – in living organisms
– Has different elemental forms: allotropes
• Diamond, Graphite, Buckyballs
• Silicon oxides – clay quartz, gems
Group 4A: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Quartz, SiO2
Diamond
Group 5A: N, P, As, Sb, Bi
• Nitrogen (N2) – 75% of the atmosphere
– In proteins, DNA, chlorophylls
– Ammonia, NH3
• Phosphorous - can glow in the dark
– In DNA and RNA
– Red and White allotropes
• Red – match tips
• White – ignites spontaneously so stored under
water
Group 5A: N, P, As, Sb, Bi
Ammonia, NH3
White and
red
phosphorus
Group 6A: O, S, Se, Te, Po
• Oxygen – 20% of the atmosphere
– Powers most life on Earth
• Sulfur
– In proteins
– Burning sulfur – brimstone
Group 6A: O, S, Se, Te, Po
Sulfuric acid dripping
from snot-tite in cave
in Mexico
Elemental S has a ring
structure.
Group 7A: Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I, At
• Non-metals
• Exist as diatomic molecules
– F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
– F2, Cl2, Br2 gases at room temperature
– I2 solid
– At rare
– React with alkali metals to form “salts”
Group 7A:
Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I, At
Group 8A: Noble Gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
• Least reactive
– Some have no known compounds
• Helium – produces by fusion of hydrogen
in the sun
Group 8A: Noble Gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Transition
Elements
• All metals
• Most found in compounds
• Silver, gold, platinum less reactive and
found as pure elements
Lanthanides & Actinides
•Not very abundant
•Uranium is highest atomic number that occurs
naturally. Those with greater atomic number are
man made and often have short lifetime.
Transition Elements
Lanthanides and
actinides
Iron in air gives
iron(III) oxide
Colors of Transition Metal
Compounds
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc