Transcript MALAYSIA: FLOODS

MALAYSIA: FLOODS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia,
USA
MALAYSIA: KUALA LUMPUR
IS THE FEDERAL CAPITAL
MALAYSIA
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Population: 23,522,482
Area: 329,750 km2
Coastline: 4675 km
GDP: $207.8 billion
GDP Per Capita: $9,000
WESTERN MALAYSIA,
WHERE KUALA LAMPUR IS
LOCATED, IS AT GREATER
RISK FROM NATURAL
HAZARDS THAN EASTERN
MALAYSIA
KUALA LUMPUR
KUALA LUMPUR AND
PUTRAJAVA
• Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial,
and economic center of Malaysia, and
also the seat of Malaysia’s Parliament
and the official residence of the King.
• Putrajava is the location of the
executive and judicial branches of the
federal government, which were
relocated from Kuala Lumpur in 1999.
KUALA LUMPUR
• The city covers an area of 243 km2
(94 sq mi) and had an estimated
population of 1.6 million in 2010.
• Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as
the Klang Valley, was an urban
agglomeration of 6.9 million in 2010
and one of the fastest growing
metropolitan regions in Malaysia.
Floods and landslides from
cyclones are the primary hazards
affecting Malaysia.
Effects from earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions are usually
from distant sources.
Droughts also occur.
MALAYSIA’S PRIMARY NATURAL
HAZARDS
• CYCLONES
• FLOODS
(especially during
cyclone season)
• LANDSLIDES
(TRIGGERED BY
TOO MUCH RAIN OR
EARTHQUAKE
GROUND SHAKING )
CAUSES
OF RISK
WIND AND WATER
PENETRATE BUILDING
ENVELOPE
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES
WINDOWS
CYCLONES
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
STORM SURGE
HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A
SHORT TIME
FLASH FLOODING
(MUDFLOWS)
LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
CAUSES
OF RISK
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
FLOODS
FLOOD
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES
(HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
WATER
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
SITING AND BUILDING ON
UNSTABLE SLOPES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO TOPPLES
LANDSLIDES
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO LATERAL SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN
2014
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN
2014
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN
2014
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
IN MALAYSIA
A Paradigm Shift
From Disaster Proneness Will Improve
the Quality of Life in Malaysia
CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS
QUO WHEN MALAYSIA IS AT RISK
AND DISASTER PRONE - - Will result in new and more complex
HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in unnecessary
DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in longer and more costly
RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
TOWARDS FLOOD RISK
ASSESSMENT
AND
RISK REDUCTION
Officials: We have to stop flood
disasters from happening again
GOAL: MINIMIZE THE “DOMINO
EFECTS” OF THE NEXT DISASTER
ELEMENTS OF RISK
PHYSICAL
EXPOSURE
EFFECTS
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF FLOODS
INUNDATION, HIGH-VELOCITY FLOW, HIGH-VOLUME
DISCHARGE, EROSION, AND SCOUR
AN ASSESSMENT INTEGRATES PHYSICAL EFFECTS
AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS TO DETERMINE RISK
DAMAGE FROM
INUNCATION
EROSION, SCOUR,
AND LANDSLIDES
RISK
LOSS OF
FUNCTION
ECONOMIC LOSS
TYPICAL IMPACTS OF FLOODS
DAMAGE TO CONTENTS, LOSS OF
FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE, RELEASE OF
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS,
TRANSPORTATION OF DEBRIS, AUTOS, AND
HOUSES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEAD ZONES,
AND DISEASE VECTORS
VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT FOR
FLOODS
Vulnerability: A Vital Part of Risk Assessment
EVENT
VULNERABILITY
FLOOD
EXPECTED
HAZARDS
LOSS
EXPOSURE
PEOPLE
STRUCTURES
PROPERTY
ENVIRONMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
WHAT INCREASES
VULNERABILITY
MANKIND’S ACTIONS AND NATURAL
EVENTS CAN CHANGE THE
VULNERABILITY OF ELEMENTS AT RISK
TO FLOODS
An element’s vulnerability
(fragility) is the result of a
community’s actions or nature’s
actions that change some part of
the regional water cycle (e.g.,
precipitation, storage, runoff,
transpiration, evaporation).
MANKIND’S
CONTRIBUTION
An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is
the result of flaws that enter during the
planning, siting, design, and construction
of a community’s buildings and
infrastructure.
ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE KEY
PARTS OF THE WATER CYCLE
• Urban development or
industrial development in areas
that were formerly wetlands.
• Locating buildings and
infrastructure in a river
floodplain.
MANKIND’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE
SOME PART OF THE WATER CYCLE
• Actions that increase or
decrease river gradients
(deforestation, dams, etc).
• Actions that change the runoff
pattern or rate (e.g., the city’s
concrete footprint)
NATURE’S ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE
THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE
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A flash flood.
Ice jams/ice dams on the river
Rapid melt of snow and ice
Extreme or prolonged
precipitation caused by stalled
low-pressure systems.
CAUSES
OF RISK
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
FLOODS
STRUCTURE & CONTENTS:
DAMAGE FROM WATER
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
WATER BORNE DISEASES
(HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
WATER
A RISK ASSESSMENT
• A risk assessment involves the
probabilistic integration of:
• The hazard (e.g., floods) and their
potential disaster agents
(inundation, erosion, etc) that are
directly related to the location of
the community and what happens
in the regional water cycle.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued)
• The location of each element of
the exposure in relation to the
physical demands of the hazard
(i.e., inundation, etc.)
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued)
• The exposure (e.g., people, and
elements of the community’s built
environment), represents the
potential loss when the natural
hazard occurs.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued)
• The vulnerability (or fragility) of
each element comprising the
exposure when subjected to the
potential disaster agents.
FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT LEADS TO
DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
FLOODS
• EVENT
EXPECTED
LOSS
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
ADOPTION
REQUIRED INFORMATION
• Physical characteristics of the
regional drainage system.
• Physical characteristics of each
river system and its floodplain.
• Physical characteristics of the
regional water cycle.
REQUIRED INFORMATION
• Physical characteristics of
catchment basins, reservoirs,
and wetlands in the region.
• Physical characteristics of dikes,
levees, and dams controlling
water discharge and flooding in
the region.
REQUIRED INFORMATION
• The hazardous materials located
in the floodplain.
DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION
POLICES FOR FLOODS
MITIGATION, PREVENTION,
PREPAREDNESS, FORECASTS AND
WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE, RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION, AND EDUCATIONAL
SURGES
MITIGATION
SANDBAGS, ELEVATED
BUILDINGS, ETC
PREVENTION
DAMS, STORM BARRIERS, LEVEES,
SPILLWAYS, CATCHMENT BASINS,
RESERVOIRS, WETLANDS, ETC
MALAYSIA’S SECONDARY NATURAL
HAZARDS
• EARTHQUAKES
and VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
(usually from
sources outside
the country; i.e.,
Indonesia, not
inside)
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE IN
MALAYSIA - - Will result in fewer and less complex
HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in fewer
DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in shorter and less costly
RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM
DISASTER PRONENESS
TOWARDS DISASTER
RESILIENCE IS
A THREE STEP PROCESS
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
IN MALAYSIA
• Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into
Books of Knowledge
• Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to
Innovative Educational Surges to Build
Professional and Technical Capacity
• Step 3: From Professional and Technical
Capacity to National Disaster Resilience
Step 1: Integrate Past
Experiences Into Books of
Knowledge
NOTE: A book of Knowledge is
everything we know or think we know
about Malaysia’s risk-causing
hazards
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
Are “TOOLS” to facilitate a
commitment by Malaysia to minimize
the likely impacts of the inevitable
future cyclones, floods, landslides
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
droughts, thereby anticipating and
preventing disasters
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience has become an
urgent global goal in the 21st
century as many Nations are
experiencing disasters after a
natural hazard strikes, and learning
that their communities, institutions,
and people do NOT yet have the
capacity to be disaster resilient.
Step 2: From Books of
Knowledge to Innovative
Educational Surges to Build
Professional and Technical
Capacity in Malaysia to
Minimize Likely Impacts in the
Next Disaster
NOTE: Step 2 is a task for a
Nation’s “Academies of Science,
Engineering and Medicine,” its
educational institutions at all
levels, and its electronic and
print media that provide public
information
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience does not just
happen; it is the result of decisionmaking for a national paradigm shift
from the status quo to an improved
“coping capacity” that enables the
country to recover quickly after a
disaster.
Step 3: From Professional and
Technical Capacity to Sciencebased Decision-making for a
Paradigm Shift from the status
quo to Disaster Resilience in
India
NOTE: Step 3 is a task for
Malaysia’s “decision-makers,”
(i.e., its political leaders,
stakeholders, and leading
professionals)
who have a basis for deciding
on the nature and scope of a
national paradigm shift
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
A DISASTER:
INSUFFICIENT
CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITY
INCREASED
DEMANDS ON
COMMUNITY
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF
FUTURE OCCURRENCES:
DEMANDS ON
COMMUNITY
CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITY
RISK ASSESSMENT
•NATURAL HAZARDS
MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
MALAYSIA’S
A PARADIGM SHIFT
IN MALAYSIA
DATA BASES
COMMUNITIES
AND INFORMATION
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION/PREVENTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY/RECONSTRUCT.