Transcript volcanoes
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithosphericmantle collisionzone interactions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ITALY AND THE REGIONAL TECTONIC PLATES LITHOSPHERIC-MANTLE INTERACTIONS: AFRICA---EURASIA PLATES VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland). Of the 14 volcanoes in Italy, the four best known are: Etna (the largest active volcano in Europe), Vulcano, Stromboli, and Vesuvius (the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe). A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, ,..) intersect at a point in space and time. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely happen THE REASONS ARE . . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences. TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK • VOLCANO HAZARDS •INVENTORY •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK ITALY’S COMMUNITIES VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS •PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •FORECASTS/SCENARIOS •EMERGENCY RESPONSE •RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • • • • VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER” CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVACUATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE LOCATION: ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES LAST ERUPTIONS OF ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES VULCANO: 1890 VESUVIUS:1944 ETNA: 2012 STROMBOLI: 2013 CONTINUING ITALY’S VULCANO: 1890 - - - ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944 ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944 Naples is at risk ITALY’S ETNA: 2012 - - - ITALY’S STROMBOLI: 2013 - - - THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS • UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED • UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION • UN---ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST ITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE • BUT, VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!