Transcript Q - RHS Life Sciences

Classification of
Organisms
Credit: Nancy Dow, Jill Hansen, & Tammy Stundon
Q and A
How is all life grouped?
How are organisms named?
What is a dichotomous key?
How do you represent the
diversity of organisms?
Objectives:
– Classify organisms based on the distinguishing
characteristics of the domains and kingdoms.
– Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically
classified based on evolutionary relationships.
– Explain reasons for potential change in how
organisms are classified.
– Identify examples of scientific inferences
(conclusions) made from observations.
Unit Vocab:
Hierarchy
Autotrophic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Phylogeny
Dichotomous Key
Taxonomy
Cladogram
6 Kingdom Foldable
1. Fold your paper in half (hot dog
style).
2. Fold your hot dog in half.
3. Open your hot dog. Your hot dog
now has a fold down the center.
4. Fold each side of your hot dog so that
you have 3 equal sections on each
side of your hot dog, for a total of six
sections.
5. Cut the top flap of each section
(DO NOT CUT BOTH FLAPS!)
6. Label flaps:
 Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
• For each kingdom, provide each of the
following on the inside of your tab:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Domain
Reproduction (BF/Sexual)
Single-cellular and/or Multi-cellular
Characteristics of Wall
Obtain/Use Energy
Examples
Let’s Get Started!
Old Way of Thinking
1. Size
2. Shape
of DNA
3. Presence
of organelles
4. Means of
reproduction
5. Kingdoms
PROKARYOTE
1. Smaller (µm)
EUKARYOTE
1. larger (nm)
2. linear DNA
2. Circular DNA
3. Little to no
‘true’ organelles
3. ribosomes
4. Binary Fission
plasma
membrane
5. K: Monera
Q: What thing seems to be left off?
3. membrane
bound nucleus
4. BF & Sexual
5. K: Protista
K: Fungi
K: Plantae
K: Animalia
From 5 Kingdoms to 6
►
One Kingdom was split into 2 – which one?
Kingdom Monera – contained ALL bacteria
Why? – See Next SLide
New View
• 90’s Carol Woese
established a
significant difference
within bacteria to
warrant 2 separate
kingdoms
• Peptidoglycan NOT
in cell wall
– Archaea (& Eukarya)
• Peptidoglycan in cell
wall
– Eubacteria
www.comicvine.com
Q: In 1990, Carl Woese introduced the 3 Domain system for classifying
living things, after the advancement of DNA analysis allowed for a
comparison of species genetic code. Which of the following is the best
explanation for why domains were added to the previous system of
classification?
– The old system of classification was wrong and needed to be
corrected.
– New species are evolving too quickly to keep up with the old system
of classification
– Domains have always been included; they were just made official
recently.
– Some organisms, which were previously characterized together,
were determined to be genetically very different.
Eubacteria &
Archaebacteria
(Monera)
The Two “ProkaryoTe”
Kingdoms
Bacteria have a biomass greater than that of
all the plants and animals on earth. They
thrive in a variety of habitats including arctic
ice, volcanic vents, and the human intestines.
Archaebacteris and Eubacteria:
• 1st living forms on Earth
• Lack a nucleus
• Reproduce by binary fission
• Singled-celled
• Autotrophic (photo- and chemo-) and
heterotrophic
• Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other
membrane –bound organelles
• Live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Eubacteria – bacteria in less extreme environments; Streptococcus
Archaebacteria - live in extreme environments; boiling water, no
oxygen, acid, hydrothermal vents; Cyanobacteria such as Stomatolites
Q: Of the six kingdoms now recognized,
–
–
–
–
Two are plants and four are animal
Four are eukaryotes and two are “prokaryotes”
Four are macroscopic and two are microscopic
Two are eukaryotes and four are prokaryotes.
Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
organisms that make up the Domain Bacteria?
–
–
–
–
They lack membrane-bound organelles
They are multicellular
They lack a nucleus
They live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Ameba
The Eukaryotes
Protista
Paramecium
• Protista means 1st; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)
• Singled-celled
•Mainly Binary fission (asexual)
• Photoautotrophic (algae)
•Sexual only under stress
& Heterotrophic (slime molds)
Fungus
• Multicellular
• Nucleus (Eukaryotic)
• Cell wall made of Chitin
• Heterotrophic; excrete digestive enzymes
than filaments absorb the nutrients
• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores)
Filaments magnified
The Eukaryotes….
•
•
•
•
•
Plants
Multicelluar
Nucleus
Photoautotrophic (Chlorophyll)
Cell wall with Cellulose
Mainly sexual reproduction, but asexual
does occur.
Animals
• Multicellular
• Nucleus
• Heterotrophic
• Trend to only sexual reproduction
Platypus
Q: Which kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms?
–
–
–
–
fungi and plantae
fungi and protista
protista and plantae
plantae and animalia
Q: Multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells
that lack cell walls, do not carry out photosynthesis, and
obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion are classified as:
–
–
–
–
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Q: Organisms classified as fungi have unique
characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is
found only in organisms classified in the kingdom fungi?
–
–
–
–
single cells without a nucleus
multicellular with chloroplasts
multicellular filaments that absorb nutrients
colonies of single, photosynthetic cells that reproduce asexually
Kingdom
Practice!!
• Use manipulative to practice
your understanding of the kingdoms
Taxonomy
(the science of classification)
• Classification a method used to group
and categorize organisms hierarchically.
– In rank of relatedness
• The groups in biological classification are
known as taxa (singular: taxon).
THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KINGDOM
Protists Plants Fungi Animals
Ours:
King
Paul
Came
Over
For
Good
Supper
PHYLUM
Chordata
CLASS
Mammalia
ORDER
Clip
Come up with a
mnemonic device to
remember the
sequence!
Report back to us…
Artiodactyla
FAMILY
Giraffidae
GENUS
Giraffa
SPECIES
Giraffa camelopardalis
The official scientific
name is a combination
of the Genus and
Specific Epithet
(together, these make
the species).
Biological Classification
1.Assign a universally accepted name to each
organism (Latin)
2. Place organism into groups that have biological
meaning
• Based on similarities in structures mainly
• Many scientist are pushing for a complete DNA
grouping; more detailed/precise but a “closest gets more
messy before it gets organized affect.”
8th century – Carolus Linnaeus developed a
naming system
System called binomial nomenclature; printing
of the scientific name is the Genus & Specific
Epithet.
Because the names are Latinized:
• Underline or italicized
Also
• Only the genus is capitalized.
Ex: Canis lupus
Canis lupus familiaris
Genus species subspecies
Pick two Species!
• Pick any two species of your choice!
• Correctly write the common and scientific
name of each species.
• Under the name, identify the complete
taxonomic classification for each species.
– Domain: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, & Specific epithet
• That’s it!
Dichotomous Keys
Characteristics that define a species can be
placed into a dichotomous key.
A dichotomous key divides characteristics
into 2 choices until a species is identified.
- It is used to help identify a species!
- Dichotomous means “divided in 2 parts”
Two Dichotomous Key Formats
1. Graphical (Diagram)
2. Traditional (Sentences)
Dichotomous Key Resources
Ferguson Foundation- interactive lessons
 Shortened URL - http://goo.gl/2CXA7S
• Key in 2 species
– 1 fish & 1 plant
• Write down:
–
–
–
–
Common Name
Scientific Name
Habitat
Identifying Characteristics.
Make Your Own Dichotomous
Key!!
How do you represent the
diversity of life?
Dendrograms!
dendro = “tree”, gramma = “diagram”
A special type of dendrogram used in biology:
CLADOGRAM
(clade = “branch)
Evolutionary Tree of Life
EUKARYA
THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Each tip branches out
further to represent all
species on earth today.
Common ancestor
of all life on earth

An evolutionary tree with a branch for
each of the millions of species on earth
would be incredibly complex.
Animals
HOW TO READ AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE
Fish
Bird
Human
Rat
Mouse
Common ancestor
of mice and rats
Common ancestor of
mice, rats, and humans
Common ancestor of
mice, rats, humans,
birds, and fish
Common ancestor of mice,
rats, humans, and birds
At this point, a speciation
event occurred and the
ancestral species split into two
species. This shows which
groups are closely related, not
which ones are more primitive
or advanced.
How to Read An Evolutionary Tree
(Cladogram)
Cladogram
Practice!!
Which are more closely related?
Various types of evolutionary trees
No matter the style of tree, all represent the most likely
evolutionary pathways of organisms.
Q and A
How is all life grouped?
How are organisms named?
What is a dichotomous key?
How do you represent the
diversity of organisms?
Questions?
Finish Up Vocab:
Hierarchy
Autotrophic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Phylogeny
Dichotomous Key
Taxonomy
Cladogram
Taxa