Transcript Organizing Life

Why Classify?
Early Classification Systems
6 Kingdom Classification System
Determining Relationships
Dichotomous Keys
TEKS/ TAKS
8A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and
kingdom using dichotomous keys
8B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification
system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature
8C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and
animals
Can you give any examples of
classification used in everyday
life?
 Library
 Grocery
store
 Department
store
 Room
 Binder
Specific -------------------- General
Grocery store analogy
Are items in the grocery store just in
a large central pile? Why not?
Whatare
aresome
the
What
The apples
different
types
of
How
isfruits?
the
further
sections
of the
Apples
produce section
categorized
into
store?
Pears
divided?
which
varieties?
Dairy
Oranges
Fruits
Macintosh
Meats etc.
Bananas,
Vegetables
Granny
Smith
Aisles
Fuji, etc.
Produce, etc.
Braeburn
Cameo
Gala
Granny
Smith
Golden
Delicious
What is the importance
of classifying things?
It makes it easier …
 To organize
 To identify
 To easily communicate
with others
What is Classification?
 Classification -catergorizing
based on similar characteristics
 Taxonomy
the science of
classifying
organisms.
Aristotle
( 384 - 322 B.C.)
Greek philosopher and naturalist
 1st to classify organisms
 Two kingdoms: Plants or Animals
 He subdivided them by their habitat –
land, sea, or air dwellers

Classification
Show the film clip from the United
Streaming entitled “Classification of Living
Things” (5:29).
QUIZ

What are the 6-kingdoms of
classification?

What criteria do scientists use to
determine how to classify an organism
into its correct kingdom?
What criteria do scientists
use to classify organisms?
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Physical characteristics
How organisms carry out life
functions
Behavior
Role in nature (niche)
Embryology
Molecular similarities (DNA)
Carolus Linneus
( 1707-1798)
 18th century taxonomist
 classified organisms by their structure
 developed the naming system called
binomial nomenclature, which is still
used today
 Based on the dead language called
LATIN
 called the “father of taxonomy”

TAXON (pl. taxa) – categories of
classification

many smaller taxa are placed under the
larger category above it
7 Taxa of Classification – categories of
classification; many smaller taxa are placed
under the larger category above it

Largest category;
very general; most
diverse; most
inclusive

Smallest category;
most specific;
least diverse;
most exclusive
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
How Can You Remember
the 7 Taxon levels?
 King
Philip Came Over for Good Soup
 Kingwood
Park Cheers On Football Game
Sportsmanship
 Katie
Please Come Over for Ginger Snaps
 Can you come up with your own pneumonic?
 K?
P? C? O?
f?
G?
S?
1. Why do biologists classify?
a) To study the diversity of life
b) To organize and name organisms
2. Why give scientific names?
a) Common names are misleading
b) Names can be different according to language
of that country
jellyfish
silverfish
star fish
None of these animals are fish!
Some organisms have several common
names – it can be very confusing!
This cat is
commonly known
as:
• Florida panther
• Mountain lion
• Puma
• Cougar
Scientists should
make it easier to
identify these
organisms!
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of
one color”
There should be a naming
system!
Binomial Nomenclature –
Linneaus’ two-word naming system
Genus species OR Genus species
- Genus is capitalized
- can be underlined or italicized (not both)
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Panthera leo
Lion
Drosophila melanogaster
Fruit fly
Canis lupus
Wolf
Do you know the scientific name for humans?
That’s right! Homo sapiens
KINGDOM Animalia
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Abert
squirrel
Coral
snake
Sea star
Which classification
level includes all
PHYLUM Chordata
the other levels?
Which animal is missing in the phylum category?
CLASS Mammalia
What
characteristic
disqualifies
fromcategory?
belonging
Which
animal is missing
in the ifclass
in the phylum Chordata
like the
rest of those
What characteristic
disqualifies
if from belonging
ORDER Carnivora
Which animal
pictured
missing
in the order category?
inis
the
classtogether?
Mammalia
like the rest of those
WhichWhat
organism
is
characteristic
disqualifies
if from belongingWhat
pictured
together?
FAMILYCarnivora
Ursidae
more closely
animal
order
Whichrelated
animalinisthe
missing
in the family category?
to theWhat
grizzly
bear, like the
belongs in the
rest of those
characteristic
disqualifies
if from belonging
the panda or
species
together?
inpictured
the family
Ursidae
the black bear ? Why?like the rest
Ursus arctos?
GENUS
ofUrsus
those
pictured together?
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Example – Where does the common
household cat fit in?
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Can you name any
other organisms
that would belong
In the same phylum?
The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the
Kingdom Animalia.
Phylum level, cats are included with all other
vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in
the Phylum Chordata.
This large grouping includes all animals having
either a notochord, or an actual spine.
Can you name any
 Class level, cats and other predatory
otheranimals
organismsare grouped
thatshare
would belong
with non-predators with whom they
specific
In the same class?
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biological traits.
In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows,
giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people,
belong to Class Mammalia (mammals).
All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth
to live young which feed via mammary glands.
Can you name any
organisms
 Order level, cats are grouped withother
other
animals that
that would belong
quite different in physical appearance
andorder?
general
In the same
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are
behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes.
In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are
all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals.
They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora,
which includes meat-eating animals.
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Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less
closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which
includes lions, leopards and tigers; and Leopardus, which
includes the ocelots.
Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they
can be grouped together under the family Felidae.

The housecat is closely related to several other
feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and
the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in
the same genus Felis.

The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus
(sometimes domesticus). Felis denotes the genus name
for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific
descriptive word for the species.
Day 2
3 Domains
(Super-kingdoms)
ARCHAE
EUKARYA
BACTERIA
6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains
Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors
in the cladogram?
6 Kingdom Classification
System
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
PROTISTS
FUNGI
PLANT
ANIMAL
mollusks
Animals
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of
Cells
Multicellular
Cell structure
Cell membraneNO CELL WALL
Nutrition
Heterotroph
Movement
Mostly mobile
starfish
hydra
fish
amphibians
reptiles
Reproduction sexual
Role
sponges
insects
(Animalia)
jellyfish
flatworms
crustaceans
Carnivores, herbivores,
filter-feeders,
omnivores, detritus
feeders, scavengers,
insectivores
Most complex with organs and systems
birds
mammals
Plants
(Plantae)
Non vascular
Moss growing on
trees
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of
Cells
Multicellular
Cell structure
Nutrition
Cell walls
(cellulose),
chloroplasts
Autotroph
Movement
Stationary (sessile)
Reproduction
Sexually using
spores, flowers, or
cones
Role
Seedless
vascular
Producers
Ferns
Sunflowers
seeds in
flowers
Flowering
plants
Douglas fir
Peach tree
seeds in
cones
Seeds in fruits
Fungi
Cell Type
Number of
Cells
Cell structure
Eukaryote
Multicellular
(except yeast is uni-)
Cell walls (chitin)
Nutrition
Movement
Heterotroph
Stationary
Reproduction
Role
Sexually using spores
Mostly DECOMPOSERS that
help recycle dead matter in
the environment; some
parasites (Athlete’s foot or
ringworm)
Shelf fungus on tree
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Mushrooms
Protists (Protista)
Paramecium
-Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk- Drawer”
-Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like
Cell Type
Number of
Cells
Cell structure
Nutrition
Movement
Reproduction
Role
Eukaryote
Mostly Unicellular; some
multi
May have cell wall; may
have chloroplasts
Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Mostly mobile; (may have
cilia or flagella)
Binary fission; conjugation
Photosynthetic producers,
decomposers, diseasecausing parasites
Green algae
Amoeba
Animal & Plant like – (Euglena)
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Move using
flagellum or
flagella
Have eyespot to
detect light
Chloroplast to
make their own
food in the
presence of light
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing
euglenoid movement.
Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex.
Green algae, red algae, diatoms)
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Producers
Classified according
to colors due to
pigments (red,
yellow, green, brown,
etc.)
Used to make
products such as
agar, carrageenan
(thickener found in
puddings) alginates
(ice cream)
Green algae
Algal bloom in lake
Brown algae
Red algae
Red tide in FL
Fungus-like – decomposers
(slime molds, water molds)
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composed of an
mass of protoplasm
no cell walls in its it
early stage of
growth
found in damp,
shady areas with
abundant organic
matter
Animal-like – heterotrophic
(Paramecium, Trypanasoma,
amoebas)
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Move
using cilia
Oral
groove is
like a
mouth
opening
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing
paramecium using their cilia for movement.
Animal-like – heterotrophic
(Paramecium, Trypanasoma,
amoebas)
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Move using
pseudopods
Engulf food
through food
vacuoles
Many cause
diseases
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing
amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as
phagocytosis (engulfing food).
round - coccus
Bacteria
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All bacteria were once classified in one
kingdom known as Monera.
Earliest organisms to appear
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Cell structure
Cell walls
Nutrition
Movement
Reproduction
Role
Heterotrophs or
autotrophs
Stationary
Binary fission
photosynthetic
producers,
decomposers, diseasecausing parasites
Streptococcus aureus
rod - bacillus
E. coli
spiral - spirillum
Vibrio cholerae
Kingdoms of Bacteria

Archaebacteria (Domain Archae)
 “ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth
 live in harsh environments (extremophiles)
Cell Type
Number of
Cells
Prokaryote
Unicellular; microscopic
Cell structure Cell walls WITHOUT
peptidoglycan
Nutrition
Movement
Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Stationary or mobile
Reproduction Binary fission
Salt marshes (halophiles),
Role
volcanoes (thermophiles), hot
springs, maybe on Mars!
Kingdoms of Bacteria

Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)
 “true” bacteria
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Number of
Cells
Unicellular; microscopic
Cell structure
Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan
Nutrition
Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Movement
Stationary or mobile
Reproduction
Binary fission
Role
Live in soil, air, food, inside
organisms
Producers, decomposers,
parasites
E. coli
Streptococcus
S. Marcescens growing
on Petri dish
Eubacteria
Can be harmful: parasites, or
cause diseases
Can be helpful (most):
a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
recycle nutrients
b) photosynthetic Cyanobacteria
create O2 for planet
c) different types of E.coli help
organisms’ digestion
d) Some are used to make foods
like cheese, yogurt, pickles,
and bread
e) used to genetically engineer
medicines and other products
The bacteria named Propionibacter
shermani is used to make specific
type of cheese called Emmental.
The bacteria that causes
syphilis is spiral shaped
Classifying Critters

We'll look at members of a big group called
the vertebrates. These are animals that have
backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great.
You're part of this group!
Click on the image to access
HHMI Classifying Critters
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea
Eukarya
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
CELL TYPE
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls or
chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most
unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus
Escherichia
coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants
Sponges,
worms, insects,
fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Where do you fit in?
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapien
Day 3
Dichotomous Keys
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Tool scientists use to
identify unknown
organisms.
Keys consist of a
series of choices that
lead the user to the
correct name of a
given item.
"Dichotomous"
means "divided into
two parts".
So, dichotomous
keys always give two
choices in each step.
Dichotomous Keys

A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms
KEY TO INSECT ORDERS
Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect
1 Insect has wings?
Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings
Go to 2
Go to 29
2 One pair of wings
Go to 3
Two pairs of wings
Go to 7
3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and
pronotum extending back over abdomen
Orthoptera
Insects not like this
Go to 4
4 Abdomen with 'tails'
Go to 5
Abdomen without 'tails'
Go to 6
5 Insects <5mm long, with relatively long
antennae: wing with only one forked vein
Hemiptera
Larger insects with short antennae and many
wing veins: tails long
Ephemeroptera
The dichotomous key shown below can be
used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z.
Bird X is most likely A.
B.
C.
D.
Certhidea
Geospiza
Camarhynchus
Platyspiza
Answer: C
Unit Summary Essay

Why and how do scientists classify living
things?
Virtual Dichotomous Key
1A
Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat
button)
1B
Thread does not show when button is sewn
on (shank button)
1A
Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)-----------Go to 2
1B
Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)---------------------- Go to 7
2A
Button has 2 holes------------------------go to 3
2B
Button has 4 holes------------------------go to 5
3A
Button is oval---------------------------------Peter
3B
Button is round---------------------------Go to 4
4A
Button has a circle design-----------------Suzy
4B
Button has no design----------------------David
5A
Button is square, round corners------Charles
5B
Button is round---------------------------Go to 6
6A
Button is large, white----------------------Linda
6B
Button is small, multicolored--------------Bert
7A
Button is square----------------------------Nancy
7B
Button is round---------------------------Go to 8
8A
Button is textured------------------------Go to 9
8B
Button is smooth-------------------------------Joe
9A
Button is metallic------------------------Grampa
9B
Button is covered with fabric----------Granny