Transcript communicable diseases

1. Identify the types of pathogens that cause
communicable diseases.
2. Analyze the relationship between healthful behaviors
and the ways that communicable diseases are spread.
3. Develop & analyze strategies related to the prevention
of communicable diseases.
Why is this important to me?
>Who likes to feel sick?
> How effective are you when you are sick?
>If someone in your house or job is sick, what
can you do to protect yourself.
>Common communicable diseases can
cause symptoms such as ring worm, yeast
infection, mucus or even death.
Viruses
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Require living cells to reproduce, inactive by themselves.
Penetrates a host cell, takes control of the cell to manufacture more viruses.
Usually run their course & eventually are killed by immune system.
Antibiotics do not work against viruses.
Include
• Common cold
• Influenza (flu)
• Viral pneumonia
• Viral hepatitis
• Polio
• AIDS
• Chicken pox
• herpes
• VIRAL INFECTION
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Bacteria
• Live almost everywhere on Earth, most harmless & many essential for life.
• Aide in digestion of food & make vitamins.
• Enter body & multiply through cell division.
• Some produce toxins i.e. tetanus.
• Most can be treated w/ antibiotics.
• Include
• Bacterial foodborne illness
• Strep throat
• Gonorrhea
• Lyme disease
• Bacterial pinkeye
Fungi
• Plantlike organisms i.e. molds & yeasts
• Include
• Athlete’s foot
• Ringworm
• Vaginal yeast infection
• Protozoans
• Most harmless, some can causes disease in people w/ weakened immune
systems.
• Include
• Malaria
• Dysentery
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Rickettsias
• Resemble bacteria, like viruses, multiply by invading cells of another life form.
• Enter humans through bites of insects such as fleas or lice
• Include
• Typhus
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Direct contact
• Direct contact w/ an infected person or animal.
• Touching, biting, kissing & sexual contact.
• Spread through…
• Sneezing & coughing into nearby person’s eyes, nose or mouth.
• Pregnant woman to unborn child through placenta.
• Tetanus from a puncture wound.
• Indirect contact
• Contaminated objects
• Persons # 1 sneezes onto a table or hand then touching the table. Person # 2
touches the table then touches nose or eyes
• Vectors
• Mosquito takes in pathogens from person # 1. Mosquito then transmits
pathogens into person # 2.
• Water & food
• Carless handling & storage of food.
• Salmonella bacteria in undercooked poultry
• Water supplies that become contaminated w/ human or animal feces.
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Airborne transmission
• Pathogens from sneeze or cough float in air for a long time & travel long
distances.
• Diseases include chicken pox, tuberculosis (TB) and influenza.
1. Most efficient & effective way is to wash hands regularly with anti antibacterial
soap.
2. Cover mouth w/ elbow when you sneeze and cough.
• If you cover mouth w/ hand, you are likely to touch an inanimate object &
transmit pathogens.
3. Get vaccinations
• Not always necessary to get every vaccination every year.
• More necessary for young children & elderly people with weaker immune
systems.
• All children should receive standard vaccinations from pediatrician
• MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
• TB
• Hepatitis C (necessary for college).
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Eat a balanced diet, regular physical activity & avoiding alcohol, tobacco & other
drugs.
• Promotes growth & flow of white blood cells (immune system) & drugs are known
to slow down body’s vital process’.
Avoid sharing eating utensils, makeup, combs & brushes & other personal items.
Prepare & store food safely.
Avoid unnecessary contact w/ ill individuals.
Take care of yourself when ill, cover mouth when sneezing or coughing, wash hands
regularly.
Get vaccinated against particular diseases.
Abstinence from sexual activity.
• STI’s can be transmitted vaginally, anally & orally.
Manage stress.
• Has been shown to weaken immune system.
1. List five types of common pathogens, and identify one disease
each type of pathogen causes.
2. Describe three ways in which pathogens spread and three
healthful behaviors to limit their spread.
3. What are five ways you can reduce your risk of getting a
communicable disease?
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Skin
• First line of defense.
• Few pathogens can pass through layer of dead skin cells.
Tears & saliva
• Contain enzymes that destroy or disable pathogens.
Mucus membranes
• Line mouth, nose & bronchial tubes.
• Produce mucus that traps pathogens.
• Carries trapped pathogens to other areas of body for disposal.
Cilia
• Hair like projections lining parts of the respiratory system.
• Sweep pathogens & mucus to throat to be swallowed or coughed out.
Gastric juice
• Stomach destroys pathogens that enter body through nose & mouth.
• Two major defense strategies
• Inflammatory response a.k.a. non-specific
• Works against all types of pathogens
• Purpose is to prevent further tissue injury & halt invading
pathogens.
• Symptoms include area becoming hot, swollen, red or painful
due to increase in blood flow to area.
• Specific defense
• Work against particular pathogens.
• Utilized when body recognizes certain pathogens and destroys
them.
• T Cells & B Cells
• Helper T cells trigger production of B cells and killer T cells.
• Killer T cells attack & destroy infected body cells.
• Suppressor T cells “turn off” or suppress helper T cells when
infection has been cleared.
• B cells produce antibody specific to a particular pathogen.
• Memory lymphocytes
• Some T & B cells become memory cells & circulate through
bloodstream & lymphatic system.
• Triggered when former invader comes into the body.
Active
• Protects you from measles, chicken pox, etc.
• Acquired naturally when body is exposed to antigens from invading
pathogens.
• Acquired artificially from a vaccine
• Vaccine causes body to produce antibodies without causing the
illness.
• Body exposed to small amount of disease
• Most active immunities last a lifetime, some need to be repeated.
• Passive
• Receiving antibodies from another person or an animal.
• Short-lived, usually lasting only weeks to months.
• Natural passive occur from mother to child during pregnancy or nursing.
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• Should be vaccinated against…
• Tetanus
• Diphtheria
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Hepatitis B
• Can be administered and recommended by family physician and
local health department.
• Most high schools & colleges require students show proof of
current immunizations.
1. List three physical and chemical barriers that pathogens
encounter when they try to enter the human body.
2. What is the difference between active immunity and passive
immunity?
3. Where can you go to find out which immunizations you need?
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Respiratory infections
• Most common communicable diseases.
• Caused by bacteria or viruses.
• Prevention includes avoiding contact w/ infected people, washing hands, keeping hands
away from eyes and nose.
Common cold
• Viral infection that causes inflammation of the mucous membranes that line nose and
throat.
• Symptoms include runny nose, sneezing and sore throat.
• Most common transmission from rubbing eyes or nose after hand-to-hand contact with
contaminated object.
• No cure. Treatment is for relief of symptoms. Most clear up in a week or so.
• Influenza
• One of the top 10 causes of death in the U.S.
• Viral infection of respiratory tract.
• Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches and cough.
• Most often spread through airborne transmission. Can also be spread through direct or
indirect contact.
• Treatment includes antiviral drugs, proper nutrition and plenty of rest and fluids.
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Pneumonia
• One of the top ten causes of death in the U.S.
• Can be bacterial or viral.
• Symptoms include similar to those of influenza.
• Treatment includes antiviral drugs for viral infection and antibiotics for bacterial
infection.
• Strep throat
• Often bacterial infection spread by direct contact through droplets that are coughed or
sneezed into air.
• Symptoms include sore throat, fever and enlarged lymph nodes in neck.
• If left untreated, can lead to inflammation of kidneys and rheumatic fever.
• Treatment includes antibiotics.
• Tuberculosis
• Airborne, bacterial disease spread by coughing or sneezing of infected person.
• Most people with bacteria never develop disease because of body’s defenses.
• Symptoms include fatigue, coughing (sometimes blood), fever, night sweats and
weight loss.
• Treated with antibiotics.
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• Hepatitis
• Inflammation of the liver caused by chemicals including drugs
and alcohol and many different pathogens.
• No cure, but vaccines available for types A & B.
• Hepatitis A
• One of the top 10 communicable diseases in U.S. (about 1.5
million worldwide).
• Most commonly spread through feces of infected person.
• Person A does not wash hands properly and touches objects of
food or direct contact, i.e. shaking hands with person B and
person B touches eyes, nose or mouth.
• Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, fatigue abdominal
pain and jaundice.
• Hepatitis B
• More serious than type A.
• Found in most bodily fluids, especially blood.
• Most often transmitted through sexual contact, or needles shared by
infected drug users.
• Can cause severe liver damage including liver failure and cirrhosis or
scarring of liver.
• Hepatitis C
• Most common blood-borne infection in U.S. (about 4 million Americans),
• Transmitted by direct contact w/ infected blood through contaminated
needles.
• Can lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer and liver failure.
• Up to 90% of those infected don’t know they are infected until years
later after routine tests show liver damage.
1. Compare and contrast the common cold and the flu.
2. What are three ways you can reduce your risk of getting
influenza?
3. What are emerging infections?