Transcript Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
And Bacteria
SBI 3C: OCTOBER 2012
BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION
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Can be classified into 2 kingdoms:
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Similarities:
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Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Single chromosome
Reproduce asexually by binary fission
Thrive in moist environments
Dr. Oz – Toilet bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9U
Mythbusters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQgVn3AvJ8A
CELL TYPES
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2 TYPES OF CELLS:
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Eukaryotic:
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Has a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane
Ex. Plants and animal cells
Prokaryotic:
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Does not have its chromosomes surrounded by nuclear membrane
Ex. Bacterial cells
PROPERTIES: NUCLEUS
PROPERTY
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
DNA
•USUALLY 46
CHROMOSOMES
•FOUND IN
NUCLEUS
•SINGLE
CHROMOSOME
•SINGLE LOOP
TRUE NUCLEUS
•PRESENT
•ABSENT
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
•PRESENT
•ABSENT
PROPERTIES: ORGANELLES
PROPERTY
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
INTERNAL
ORGANELLES
•COMPLEX
•MANY
•VERY FEW
•SIMPLE ORGANELLES
RIBOSOMES
•LARGER
•SMALLER
CELL WALL
•FOUND IN PLANTS,
ALGAE AND FUNGI
•PRESENT
MITOCHONDRIA
•PRESENT
•ABSENT
PLASTIDS
•CHLOROPLASTS IN
PLANTS AND ALGAE
•ABSENT
FLAGELLA
•COMPLEX TAILS
INVOLVED IN
MOVEMENT, FEEDING
AND SENSING
•SIMPLE
PROPERTIES: FUNCTIONS
PROPERTY
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
MOVEMENT
•COMPLEX FLAGELLA, •SINGLE FLAGELLA
CILIA, CYTOPLASMIC
GLIDING
STREAMING
REPRODUCTION
•MITOSIS
•BINARY FISSION
•CONJUGATION
EVOLUTION
•APPEARED 1.5
BILLION YEARS AGO
•APPEARED 3.5
BILLION YEARS AGO
METABOLISM
•LOWER METABOLIC
RATE, LOWER
GROWTH RATE AND
THUS GREATER
GENERATION TIME
•HIGHER METABOLIC
RATE, HIGHER
GROWTH RATE AND
THUS A SHORTER
GENERATION TIME
PROPERTIES: SIZE AND EXAMPLES
PROPERTY
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
SIZE
•USUALLY >2UM
DIAMETER
•USUALLY <2UM
DIAMETER
EXAMPLES
•PLANTS
•ANIMALS
•PARAMECIUM
•E COLI
•BACILLUS
ANTHRACIS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
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Thrive under extreme conditions
Three major groups:
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Thermophiles:
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Methanogens:
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Live in extremely hot environments (hot springs)
Grow on carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to produce methane
Live in deep sea vents and intestines of mammals (ex. humans)
Halophiles:
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Live in extremely salt environments (salt flats)
EUBACTERIA
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Best known example: Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)
Genetic material floats in cytoplasm
Ribosomes: make protein
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule: sticky coating
Pili: hair-like structures, help that protects them from
bacteria attach to each other immune systems
Flagella: used for movement
Dr. Oz – Toilet bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9U
Mythbusters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAOC3A0xJ8&feature=related
EUBACTERIA: CELL WALL
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Can identify bacteria based on cell wall
Eubacteria contain polymer peptidoglycan in cell wall
Differences in amount of peptidolgycan determine
staining of bacterial cell
gram positive
gram negative
STAINING THE CELL WALL
BACTERIA
Stained with crystal violet dye (purple)
Fixed with Gram’s iodine
Decolourized with ethanol
Stained with safranin (red)
Gram-positive bacteria retain
crystal violet and appear purple
Ex. Staph
Gram-negative bacteria ethanol
washes out crystal violet so they
stain red with safranin and appear
pinkish red
Ex. E coli
EUBACTERIA: SHAPE AND CONFIGURATION
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SHAPES:
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Spherical
Rod
Spherical
Rod
Spiral
CONFIGURATION:
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Cocci (singular: coccus)
Bacilli (singular: bacillus)
Spirilla (singluar: spirillum)
All form pairs, cluster colonies or chains of cells
Spiral
EUBACTERIA: NUTRITION AND RESPIRATION
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RESPIRATION:
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Some are aerobic (need oxygen to survive)
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Some are anaerobic (only grow without oxygen)
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Tetanus, botulism
Some can grow with or without oxygen
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TB bacteria
E Coli
NUTRITION:
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Autotrophs: make their own food
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Photosynthetic (energy from sun), chemisynthetic (energy from
chemical reactions)
Heterotrophs: obtain nutrients from other organisms
EUKARYOTIC REPLICATION:
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Eukaryotic cells replicate by mitosis
PROKARYOTIC REPRODUCTION:
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Reproduce asexually by binary fission
CONJUGATION:
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Donor and recipient bacteria make cell to cell contact by sex
pilus
Plasmids (genetic info) are exchanged resulting in altered
characteristics
BACTERIAL DISEASES
NAME
SYMPTOMS
BACTERIAL SHAPE
Pnuemonia
Clogs up lungs
Cocci
Salmonella (from food)
Vomiting, diarrhea
Bacillus
Cholera (from water
supply)
Diarrhea, cramps
Bacillus
Tetanus
Convulsions
Motile bacillus
Tuberculosis
Infects lungs, fever, weight
loss
Bacillus
Leprosy
Skin lesions, decay of
extremities
Bacillus
Gonorrhea
Penal discharge, painful
urination
Diplococcus
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION:
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Bacterial diseases can be treated using antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals toxic to bacteria which are
produced commonly by plants and fungi
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Eg. Penicillin (from the fungus penicillium)
Bacterial diseases could be prevented using vaccines
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Substances which stimulate your body to produce antibodies
to the bacterium even though you are not infected
BACTERIAL GROWTH:
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Lag Phase:
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Exponential Growth:
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24816
Stationary Phase
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Adjust to environment
Stable, just enough food
or space
Death
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Running out of
nutrients