Transcript VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

CHAPTER 19
VIRUSES AND
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
Most ancient life form = 3.5 billion years old
Smallest and
simplest
free-living
organism
Major Role?
Saprobes:
Decomposers (recycle nutrients)
2 Different Kingdoms:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria:
Live in extreme environments
“Extremophiles”
Methanogens = Anaerobic  Methane
Sulfur Springs
Yellowstone NP
“Thermophiles”
Methanococcus jannischiiwas
2600 meter in Atlantic Ocean
Halophiles
Salt Loving
Dead Sea
Eubacteria:
Wide variety
Where Found?
Everywhere
40,000
Metabolic
Diversity
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic:
Break down inorganic substances
Nitrogen Fixation
Rhizobium
Symbiosis
Parasitic
Mutualistic
Commensalism
Tulerimia
Classified:
According to Shape
Cocci =
Round
Streptococcus
Bacilli =
Rod
“Link Sausage”
Bacillus anthracis
Spirilla =
Spiral
Coccus
= single
Strepto
= chains
Staphylo
= clusters
Diplo
= pairs
PREFIX
STRUCTURE
The DNA is concentrated as a group of fibers in the nucleoid region
“ring” form
Cell Wall
Made up of
Peptidoglycan
Live in moist
environment
Protect against
Osmotic Pressure
Treatment?
Penicillin
Use osmosis in treatment
Cause holes in cell wall = bacteria burst
Not effective against viruses and animal cells?
None toxic to plants?
peptidoglycan
REPRODUCTION
Not by mitosis?
= no nucleus
Binary Fission
Asexual
Identical Cells?
20 minutes
Temperature Dependent
Bacteria Reproduction
Temperature Bacteria Doubles
90º F
Every 1/2 Hour
70º F
Every 1 Hour
60º F
50º F
40º F
Every 2 Hours
Every 3 Hours
Every 6 Hours
36º F
32º F
Every 12 Hours
Every 20 Hours
Source: Iowa State Journal of Science - 1959
Bacteria Count/sq. cm. on Chicken
in a 40º F Cooler
TIME # of BACTERIA CONDITION
Day 0 360
OK
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
5,800
92,000
1,475,000
OK
OK
OK-Odors
Day 4
Day 5
23,600,000
377,500,000
Off Odors
Slime
Source: Iowa State Journal of Science - 1959
WHY SO SUCCESSFUL?
Reproduction
Antibiotics
“Mutations”
Endospore (around DNA)
-Bad conditions
Resistant to drying out, boiling, chemicals
1000’s of years
Clostridium botulinum
Sterilize under high pressure.
Clostridium tetani
BACTERIAL EFFECTS?
Nitrogen Fixation
-helps plants
Aquaspirillum annulus
Escherichia coli
“E. coli”
Flavors:
Vinegar
Yogurt
Butter
Cheese
Pickles
Sauerkraut
“Nonbiodegradable”
Sewage
“Bioremediation”
BAD
“Germs”
Passed
by hands
“Antibacterial” Soap
Cuts
“Infected”
“Boil”
“Abscess”
Hair Follicle
Mouth
Entamoeba gingivalis
Strep Throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
Stomach/Intestines
“E. coli”
Helicobacter pylori
Intestinal
Lyme
Streptococcus
“Pneumonia”
Haemophilus influenzae
Meningitis
Swelling
of the Brain
STD’s?
Most common STD
Chlamydia trachoma
Gonorrhea
Neiserria gonorrhoeae
Same symptoms/ effects
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
Tulerimia
Bubonic Plague
Anthrax
Bacillus
anthracis
Anthrax
Anthrax
Bubonic Plague
Ebola
Smallpox
END