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12 Weeks to TAKS- Week Seven: Objective 8c Objective 3 4c,d Classification, Bacteria, and Viruses Organisms are classified into categories based on physical and biochemical characteristics. The largest and least specific category is a Kingdom. There are 6 kingdoms of life (scientists argue about this). Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in this order…Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. This naming system designed by Linnaeus uses Latin. Animals are called by there genus and species name, with the genus capitalized. Tyranosaurous rex Kingdom Continent Phylum Country Class State Order County Family City Genus Street species House # Animals in the same species are more closely related than those in the same genus or family, etc. Kingdom Cell type Nutriti on Tissue Type Examples Archebacte ria Proka ryotic Both Single celled/live in colonies Bacteria that live in extremely salty or hot conditions Eubacteria Proka ryotic Both General bacteria, E.coli, Rhizobium Protista Eukar yotic Both Single celled/live in colonies Some single celled, some multicellular Fungus Eukar yotic Hetero trophic Multicellular, nonmotile Yeast, mushrooms, molds Plantae (Plants) Eukar yotic Autotr ophic Multicellular, nonmotile Moss, ferns, pine trees, flowers Animalia (animals) Eukar yotic Hetero trophic Multicellular, mostly motile Jellyfish, worms, insects, lizards, sheep Amoebas, Paramecium, algae Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, only ribosomes, a cell wall and a loop of DNA. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more advanced, having a nucleus, ER, golgi, etc. Viruses are not classified as cells. They have only a protein coat and a piece of DNA or RNA. They are unable to reproduce without a host cell. Prokaryotic Bacteria cell Virus (many times smaller than bacteria) Bacterial diseases: Treatable with Antibiotics! Streptococcus: Round cluster bacteria that cause dangerous infections in humans (Strep throat, scarlet fever) Diphtheria: Deadly bacterial infection that can be prevented by vaccination (DPT) E. coli : Bacteria found naturally in the large intestine that provides nutrients for humans Rhizobium: Bacteria that live in soil that transform atmospheric nitrogen and turn it into useful nutrients (nitrates) for plants Lactobacillus: Bacteria used to make yogurt and other dairy products. E. coli Viral diseases: Not Treatable with Antibiotics! Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: transmitted sexually and in blood products, the HIV virus attacks the Helper T cells of the immune system, causing infections that lead to death. Influenza: The flu virus mutates quickly so a new vaccine is offered every year. Smallpox: A deadly disease causing terrible scars that was wiped out by widespread vaccination several decades ago. Warts: blister-like bumps caused by viruses in the skin. The common cold: Spread by contact. Bacteria Harm Benefits Cause disease in plants and animals, spoil food. Produce food (ex. yogurt), fix nitrogen in the soil, produce vitamin D in the large intestine, decomposers Viruses Invade specific cells of plants and animals, reproduce inside and then kill them. Used in research