Transcript Microbiology Primer

Microbiology Primer
YSU – Weapons of Mass Destruction
Historical
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Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation
19th Century – Golden Age
Germ Theory
Pasteur
Koch
Lister
Classification
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Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera
Comparison
• Eucaryotic
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Nuclear Membrane
Diploid DNA
Mitosis
Organelles Present
Simple Cell Wall
• Procaryotic
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No Nuclear Membrane
Haploid
No Mitosis
Organelles Absent
Complex Cell Membr.
Procaryotic Organism
Bacteria
• 0.5-6 m (human hair is about 90 m)
• Simple Stapylococcus is 1.2 m
• Shape
– Coccus
– Bacillus
– Spirillum
– Spirochete
Useful Bacteria
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Acetobacter – vinegar
Lactobacilli – yogurt, cheese
Actinomyces – antibiotics
Others
– Industrial alcohols, acids, enzymes, rubber
and plastics
Pathogenic Bacteria
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Grp A Strep
B. pertussis
S. aureus
H. influenza
Kl. pneumoniae
L. pneumophila
M. pneumoniae
Salmonella typhi
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Plague
Cholera
Typhus
Anthrax
Q-Fever
Clostridium
Tularemia
Glanders
Bacteria
• Group Patterns
• Cell Membrane
– Gram Positive
– Gram Negative
Bacteria
• Endospores
• Significance
– Sporulation is important in
Bacillus & Clostridium species.
– Botulism disease
– B. anthracis
Bacteria Reproduction
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Binary fission
Daughter cells
Population doubles each generation
Phase (important in disease)
– Lag
– Exponential
– Stationary
– Death
Day 1
Day 3
Day 5
Day 7
Similar Organisms
• Rickettsiae
– Gram negative
– Difficult to stain
– Grow in living cells
– Treatable with antibiotics
– Q-Fever
– Rocky Mt. Fever
Viruses
Modern antibiotics cannot
“kill” viruses. In fact,
questions still exist as to
whether viruses are
actually “alive”.
Orthopox vaccinia
Viruses
Name that
virus. . . .
Viruses
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Submicroscopic
0.02 - 0.3 m
Either DNA or RNA
Glycoprotein
envelope
• Obligate parasite
Rhinovirus 14
Viral Reproduction - RNA
Poliovirus at 350K
magnification
• Replicates in
cytoplasm
• Capsid dissolves
• RNA acts as
messenger
• Cell systems
harnessed for
replication
Animal Cell
Prions
These are, in fact, incomplete shreds of protein
whose origin are unknown. They can insert
themselves into the genetic code of healthy cells.
• BSE – 1986, also classified as a
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
• vCJD
Other Organisms
• Amoeba
• Flagellates Protozoans (dinoflagellates)
– paralytic shellfish poisoning
• Plasmodium (malaria)
Nutritional Patterns
• Saprophytic
– Live on dead organic material
• Holozoic
– Ingest solid food
• Parasitic
– Nutrients at expense of host
• Obligate Parasite
– Requires host for specific function
Fungi
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Saprophytic
Some produce mycotoxins
Coccidioides imitis
Histoplasmosis
Crypotcoccus neoformans
Identification – Why is it
difficult to monitor for bioterror
real time?
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Culture
Gram Stain
Direct Mount
Enzymatic Identification
Microscopy
– PCM, Bright Light, Fluorescence
• PCR
Biological Toxins
• S – Enterotoxin B
• Botulinum toxin
• Mycotoxin (Tricothecene or T2)