Chapter 1 - Introduction, Living Things, Nature of
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Transcript Chapter 1 - Introduction, Living Things, Nature of
Living Things
The Nature of Science
Levels of Organization
Element – atom
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Species
Populations
Communities
Assumptions in Science
Natural causality
All events are due to natural causes and are potentially
within our ability to understand.
Uniformity in space and time
The laws derived from the study of nature are the same
everywhere and have been the same for billions of years.
Common perception
Everyone generally perceives events similarly.
The Scientific Method
Way in which scientists study things in the world.
Observation/Problem
Question
Do Background Research
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Collect Data
Analyze Results
Conclusion
sciencebuddies.org
The Experiment
Variable
A factor that affects an observation/changing quantities
Independent Variable – something that is changed by the
scientist
Dependent Variable – factor that is measured and is
dependent on the independent variable
Standarized /Controlled Variables – aspects of an
experiment that remain the same
Control Group
Used to rule out other possible variables
Do not receive experimental treatment
Scientific Method
The results of an experiment must be able to be
repeated by other researchers.
An experiment must be communicated thoroughly
and accurately.
Why is this important?
Scientific Theory
General explanation of important natural phenomena,
based on extensive and reproducible observations.
principle or a natural law
Ex. Atomic theory (all matter is composed of atoms)
Ex. Theory of gravitation (objects exert a law of
attraction for one another)
Ex. Cell theory(all living things are composed of cells)
A theory can be modified or falsified.
The Theory of Spontaneous Generation Abiogensis
Francesco Redi’s Experiment – 17th century
facstaff.gpc.edu
Malte Andersson’s Widowbird
Experiment
Male long-tailed widow bird.
sanparks.org
Female long-tailed widowbird.
10000birds.com
What Do You See?
Orphrys apifera. floralimages.co.uk
What Do Glowing Pigs and Jellyfish
Have in Common?
Biodiversity
Refers to the total number of species within a given
region and the resulting interactions among them
www2.warwick.ac.uk
sciencelearn.org.nz
3 Domains of Life
5 Kingdoms
Eukaryotes (have
membrane-bound
organelles)
1. Plants
2. Fungi
3. Animals
4. Protists
Prokaryotes (lack
membrane-bound
organelles)
5. Monera/Bacteria
Includes bacteria and
members of archaea
What is a Living Thing?
Theory of
Evolution
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel
Wallace in the mid-1800s
States that modern organisms descended, with
modification, from preexisting life-forms
Evolution - Change in the genetic makeup of a species