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Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3 ☆Page 187, Table 7.1☆ Cell Wall A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane that provides support and protection Only in plant cells Nucleus Control center Contains directions to make proteins Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Chromatin Strands of genetic material Forms chromosomes when a cell divides Nucleolus Inside nucleus— makes ribosomes Ribosomes Make proteins Unlike other organelles, they aren’t membrane bound Cytoplasm Clear, gel-like fluid inside a cell Where all organelles are suspended Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Highly folded membranes in the cytoplasm Substances move from one part of a cell to another through the ER Rough ER When ribosomes are attached to the ER (they synthesize proteins) Synthesize To combine to form a new, product (to make) Smooth ER ER with no ribosomes Produce and store lipids Golgi Apparatus The delivery system of the cell (like UPS, FedEx, etc.) Collects, changes, packages (into membrane-bound vesicles), and delivers molecules made at one spot in cell and used in another Vacuoles Membrane-bound compartments for temporary storage of materials Store food, enzymes, and other things needed by cell Plant cells have large vacuoles and animals cells have small ones (if any) Lysosomes recycling center” Organelles that contain digestive enzymes “The Lysosomes digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria Chloroplasts Organelles that capture light energy and change it to chemical energy Only in plant cells Plastids Plant organelles used for storage Store starches or lipids, may give plant their color When exposed to light plastids become chloroplasts Mitochondria Singular: mitochondrion Membrane-bound organelles that transform energy for the cell Has folds (where energy is stored) to increase surface area Cellular Support Cytoskeleton Within the cytoplasm Provides support and structure (framework) Microtubules Thin hollow cylinders made of protein that make up the cytoskeleton Microfilaments Smaller solid protein fibers Centrioles Help in cell division Made up of microtubules Cellular Locomotion Cilia Short numerous projections (hair-like) Move like rowboat oars Flagella Longer projections Move in whip-like motion A cell usually has 1 or 2 Ex. Sperm Cells