Transcript Ribosomes

Chapter 7.3, The Cell's Interior and
Organelle Structure and Function
The Foundation of the Cell
 Just like a house, if you took away all the
furniture, appliances, sheet rock, trim, electrical,
plumbing, insulation and all the accessory
components of a house, you would be left with a
basic skeletal structure and a foundation.
 Similarly, a cell's foundation starts with the
Cytoplasm and the Cytoskeleton
The Cytoplasm and the
Cytoskeleton
Function of the Cytoplasm
and the Cytoskeleton
 In prokaryotes, metabolic activities take place
directly in the cytoplasm.
 In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm holds all the
organelles in place that perform all the
metabolic activities.
 Some other functions of the cytoskeleton and
cytoplasm include transportation of substances,
and cell division, but their main role is to
support the cell and the organelles.
The Nucleus and DNA (The Boss)
 One way to understand the cell is to use an analogy of
a factory, or a school, or a sports team.
 The nucleus of the cell is like a factory's manager, or a
school's principal, or a sports team's captain or coach.
 The Nucleus contains the cell's DNA, which is the
blueprint or instructions for all of the cell's activities.
 Everything a cell does is directed by the DNA.
Ribosomes (The Producers)
 Almost our entire body is made up of proteins.
 Ribosomes are non-membrane bound
organelles that manufacture proteins.
 Ribosomes are the only organelle found in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
 Ribosomes are made in the Nucleolus. The
nucleolus is found in the center of the nucleus.
 In our analogy, ribosomes would be the workers,
the students in a school, or the players of a
sport’s team.
Ribosomes
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
(The Facilitators)
 There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum.
 ER is a system of folded sacs and channels.
 Rough ER is called rough because it is covered with
ribosomes. Smooth ER is without ribosomes.
 ER synthesizes, transports, and assists the
ribosomes in the production of proteins.
 ER could be the assembly line of a factory, the
teachers and staff of a school, or the assistant
coaches of a sports team.
ER, the Facilitators
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies)
(The Inspectors and Shippers)
 Once the proteins are manufactured and assembled,
they are taken to the final inspection and packaging
center; the Golgi Apparatus.
 The Golgi Apparatus is a flattened stack of
membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins.
 The Golgi Apparatus could be inspectors and
shippers at a factory, the counselors at school, or the
officials and scorekeepers at a game.
The Golgi Apparatus
(The Inspectors and Shippers)
The Vacoule
(Storage Facility or Warehouse)
 Vacuoles are temporary storage facilities in cells
for things like enzymes and waste.
 Vacuoles are mostly found in plant cells and
rarely found in animal cells.
 In a factory this could be the warehouse, in a
school this could be the supply room, and for a
team this could be the locker room.
The Vacoule
(Storage Facility or Warehouse)
Lysosomes (The Clean-Up Crew)
 Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that
break down food, waste and worn out organelles.
 Lysosomes also help break down bacteria and viruses.
 In our factory, school, and sports team analogies, our
lysosomes could be represented by our building
custodians. A very important, but underappreciated
job. Next time you see a custodian, be sure to thank
them for the hard work they do. If it wasn't for them,
we would work in a filthy environment.
The Mitochondria (The Power)
 None of the other jobs could be performed
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without an energy source.
The Mitochondria are the energy source (ATP)
that fuels all the activities of the cell.
In a factory, the mitochondria could be a
generator or some type of an electrical source.
In a school it could be the lunch room, or
perhaps the electricity supplying the computers
and all the technology in a school.
For a sports team it could be the fans cheering.
The Mitochondria (The Power)
The Chloroplasts
(Alternative Energy)
 Chloroplasts are organelles that can harness
energy from the sun just like solar panels
 Inside the chloroplasts are small flat disk-shaped
structures called thylakoids that convert light
from the sun into usable energy.
 The thylakoids contain a special pigment called
chlorophyll that traps the sunlight.
 Chloroplasts are only found in plants, some
protists and bacteria, but not animal cells.
Chloroplasts (Alternative Energy)
Cell Wall (Plant Skeletons)
 The Cell Wall is another structure found only in
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plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria.
Animals have no cell walls.
For plants, the cell wall is what gives the plant
support and structure.
Plants don't have a skeleton like animals, so the
cell wall made of tough fibrous cellulose holds up
the entire plant structure.
Giant redwoods and sequoias stand up several
stories high under the force of cell walls.
Cell Walls (Plant Skeletons)
Cilia and Flagella
(Transportation)
 Cilia and Flagella are the transportation devices.
 They can be found on both prokaryotic cells and
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eukaryotic cells.
Their primary function is locomotion.
Cilia are little hair-like structures that beat back
and forth like little paddles.
Flagella are long tail-like structures that move
around like a whip or a propeller.
In our analogy these could be cars or buses.
Cilia and Flagella
(Transportation)
In Summary
 Cytoplasm and
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Cytoskeleton – The
Foundation
Nucleus – The Boss
Ribosomes – The
Producers
ER – The Facilitators
Golgi Apparatus – The
Inspectors and Shippers
Vacuole – Storage Facility
or Warehouse
 Lysosomes – The
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Clean-Up Crew
Mitochondria – The
Power source
Chloroplasts –
Alternative Energy
Cell Wall – Plant
Skeletons
Cilia and Flagella Transportation