Transcript Parade review #1

Parade of Kingdoms
Review
Chapters 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34
Name the 3 domains used
today to classify organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Organisms are divided into the
3 DOMAINS based on the kind of
Ribosomal RNA
________________
they have.
Name this diagram used to show
evolutionary relationships
between organisms
cladogram
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
Name the 6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Which kingdoms are included
in the DOMAIN EUKARYA?
Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
From slide show by Kim Foglia http://www.explorebiology.com
Bacteria that can live in
HOT environments like
volcano vents are called
______________
thermophiles
Explain how thermophiles are
useful in running PCR?
Enzyme (Taq polymerase) from a thermophilic
bacteria is used in PCR because it can
withstand the higher temps used in the PCR
process
Bacteria that can survive in very
SALTY environments are called
_________________
halophiles
Classification system in which each
species is assigned a two-part
scientific name
Binomial nomenclature
The evolutionary history of an
phylogeny
organism = ____________
Large taxonomic group made up
of closely related phyla;
top level in Linnaeus’s classification
hierarchy
kingdom
Characteristics that appear in
recent parts of a lineage but not
in its older members which are
used to create cladograms
Derived characters
The science of classifying and naming
organisms
taxonomy
Group of closely related
classes Phylum (pl. phyla)
Model that uses DNA comparisons to
estimate the length of time that two
species have been evolving
independently
Molecular clock
Group of similar orders
CLASS
Most inclusive taxonomic category
based on ribosomal RNA;
Taxon level above kingdom in today’s
hierarchy DOMAIN
Group of similar families
ORDER
Swedish botanist who came up with
a classification system that groups
organisms in a 7 level hierarchy and
gives each a 2 part scientific name
Carolus Linnaeus
Group of genera that share
many characteristics
FAMILY
Greek philosopher and teacher that
came up with the first classification
system that separated organisms into
2 groups … plants or animals
Aristotle
The 1st part of a two part
scientific name that is always
capitalized
genus
Polysaccharide molecule found in
plant cell walls that makes them
different from bacteria and fungi
cellulose
The 2nd part of a two part
scientific name
species
Polysaccharide molecule found in
the cell walls of some fungi that
makes them different from bacteria
and plants chitin
Organisms that use oxygen for
cellular respiration and can’t
live without it are called
obligate aerobes
Molecule found in the cell walls of
bacteria that makes them different
from fungi and plants
peptidoglycan
Polymer made of sugars and amino acids
found outside the cell membrane in
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
bacteria = ___________________
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481
Organisms that are poisoned by
oxygen like Clostridium botulinum
are called obligate anaerobes
Organisms that can use oxygen if it is
present for cellular respiration, but
can also grow by fermentation in an
anaerobic environment
Facultative anaerobes
Kingdom that includes all
prokaryotes with peptidoglycan
in their cell walls
Eubacteria
Kingdom that includes all multicellular
eukaryotic heterotrophs with no cell
walls or chloroplasts
Animalia
Kingdom with includes
heterotrophic eukaryotes with
chitin in their cell walls
Fungi
Kingdom that includes multicellular
eukaryotes that have chloroplasts for
photosynthesis and have cell walls
made of cellulose
Plantae
Kingdom that includes prokaryotes
without peptidoglycan in their cell
walls
Archaebacteria
Diverse kingdom composed of eukaryotes
that are not classified as plants, animals,
or fungi
Protista
The scientific name for red maple
is Acer rubrum. To which species
does it belong? rubrum
Do you know a silly phrase that will
help you to remember the 7
hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s
classification system?
Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach.
Kings play chess on fat green stools.
Kids playing chicken on freeways get squished.
King Phillip cried, “Oh for goodness sake”.
NAME the 7 taxonomic levels in
Linnaeus’s hierarchy in order
starting with the largest
Kingdom
_________________
Phylum
_________________
Class
_________________
_________________
Order
Family
_________________
_________________
Genus
Species
_________________
Name the KINGOM for these organisms:
PLANTAE
_____________
FUNGI
____________
The scientific name for red maple
is Acer rubrum. To which genus
does it belong? Acer
The correct way to write the scientific name
for lion is ________
Panthera leo
panthera leo
Panthera leo
or
Panthera Leo
Panthera leo
Panthera leo
1st name capitalized, second name lower case,
Underlined or in italics
Name the original kingdom in the
5-Kingdom system that was split
into 2 separate bacterial kingdoms
MONERA
Name the two kingdoms that
resulted from this split
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Name the 6 Kingdoms used to
classify organisms today
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
The scientific name for humans
Homo
sapiens
is _______
________
(OR
Homo sapiens)
Based on this
cladogram, which of
the following is true?
Roaches and mantids share a more recent common
TRUE
ancestor than do roaches and termites.
TRUE Roaches and mantids share a more recent common
ancestor than do termites and mantids.
FALSE Termites and mantids do not share a common ancestor.
Euglena, paramecium, and amoeba
belong in the
Eukarya
domain __________
and the
kingdom ______________
Protista
Give an example of an organism
in the fungi kingdom.
Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold
Name the DOMAIN for these organisms:
Eukarya
______________
Eukarya
______________
Organism that can make its own
food using photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis autotroph
Cell with out a nuclear envelope
prokaryote
Which DOMAIN includes all the living
things whose cells have a nucleus?
Eukarya
Which polyphyletic kingdom includes the
most diverse organisms because they
are grouped by what characteristics
they don’t have rather than what
they have in common?
Protista
Name the KINGDOM for these organisms:
PROTISTA
______________
ANIMALIA
______________
The Endosymbiotic theory proposed
by Lynn Margulis suggests which
two organelles evolved from
symbiotic prokaryote ancestors?
Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Mycorrhizae
___________
form when plant
roots + fungi live symbiotically
Give an example of the kinds of
organisms that would be found
in the Archaea domain
Halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens
A cell with a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
eukaryote
is called a ___________
Name the three shapes of bacteria
Spherical- cocci
Rod shaped- bacilli
Spiral-spirilli
prokaryotes
Bacteria are ____________
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Name the KINGDOM
Includes PROKARYOTES
with peptidoglycan in their
cell walls
EUBACTERIA
______________
Includes HETEROTROPHIC
FUNGI
EUKARYOTES with CHITIN______________
in their cell walls
Includes HETEROTROPHIC
EUKARYOTES without
chloroplasts or cell walls
ANIMALIA
_______________
Name the KINGDOM
Includes PROKARYOTES
WITHOUT peptidoglycan in ______________
ARCHAEBACTERIA
their cell walls
Includes AUTOTROPHIC
EUKARYOTES with chloroplasts
PLANTAE
______________
& cellulose in their cell walls
Includes EUKARYOTES
that aren’t plants, animals,
or fungi
PROTISTA
_______________
COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING
ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
Nuclear
envelope
NO
NO
YES
Membrane
enclosed
organelles
NO
NO
YES
Peptidoglycan
in cell wall
Histones
associated
with DNA
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING
Circular
chromosome
Introns
RNA
Polymerase
Ability to
grow at
temps > 100°
ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
YES
YES
NO
Present in
some genes
NO
YES
Several
kinds
1 kind
Several
kinds
YES
NO
NO
COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING
Fungi
Cell wall
AUTO/
HETEROTROPH
Multi/uni
Cellular
Chitin
HETERO
Most multi;
except yeast
Protist
Some chitin
Some cellulose
Some none
HETERO
& AUTO
Both
Plant
Animal
cellulose
NO
cell wall
AUTO
HETERO
Multi
Multi
Name the three ways protists move
Flagella, cilia, pseudopods
Tell how bacterial flagella are
different from eukaryotic flagella
Eukaryotic flagella-made from microtubules in
9 + 2 pattern; covered by plasma membrane
Bacteria- single filament; no plasma membrane
Which theory proposed by Lynn
Margulis explains the origin of
eukaryotic mitochondria and
chloroplasts?
Endosymbiotic theory
LICHENS
__________form
when
algae + fungi live symbiotically
Name some of the beneficial roles
fungi play
Decomposers in ecosystems
Lichens-pioneer species in ecosystems
makes soil from bare rock
Food-mushrooms, morrels
yeast makes bread rise/beer/yogurt
Mycorrhizae-increase plant growth
Antibiotics-penicillin
Tell two ways spores are produced
during the fungal lifecycle.
Asexual-mycelium make spores via mitosis
Sexual- diploid zygote formed by fusion of
mycelia undergoes meiosis to make spores
heterotrophs
Fungi are ____________
heterotrophs
autotrophs
The interwoven fungal mass of hyphae
that surrounds and infiltrates the
material the fungus feeds on is
mycelium
called a ____________
Fungi spend the majority of
their lifecycle as 1n
__ organisms.
1n 2n
What are some ways bacteria are
modified geneticially
Mutation
Conjugation-”bacterial sex”
Plasmid transfer
Transformationpick up ‘naked’ DNA from envrionment
Transduction- viruses transfer DNA
How is gram staining used to
distinguish differences in bacterial
cell walls?
Gram + has peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram – has peptidoglycan cell wall
covered by lipopolysaccharide layer
Process in which nitrates/nitrites in
the soil are converted to nitrogen gas
in the atmosphere
denitrification
What is the medical significance of
Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria are more pathogenic
Outer lipopolysaccharide layer is often toxic,
protects bacteria against body’s defenses,
and resists antibiotics
Small extrachromosomal circular DNA
found in bacteria
plasmid
The process by which bacteria
convert nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere into ammonia is called
Nitrogen fixation
Cytoplasmic region in bacteria where
DNA is located
Nucleoid region
The process by which bacteria
convert ammmonia in the soil into
nitrates and nitrites is called
Nitrification
Peptidoglycan is made from which
molecules?
Network of sugar polymers
crosslinked by polypeptides
Name some of the beneficial roles
bacteria play
Decomposers in ecosystems
Nitrogen cyclenitrogen fixation- N2 gas → ammonia
nitrification- ammonia → nitrates/nitrites
denitrification- nitrates/nitrites → N2 gas
Symbiosis in digestive tract
make cellulase to break down cellulose
make vitamin K & B12
Genetically engineered bacteriaproduce insulin/human growth hormone