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What is Cancer? Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200) characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cervical Cancer types , symptoms and vaccines CERVIX INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor deriving from cells of the "cervix uteri", which is the lower part, the "neck" of the womb, the female reproductive organ. Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous condition known as dysplasia. Dysplasia is easily detected in a routine Pap smear and is completely treatable. Although cervical cancer could be identified at the premalignant stage, it remains the most common cancer that affects women . This being the case many are not aware about the cause, symptoms and signs of this deadly disease . Treatments for cervical cancer can include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The best way for women to protect themselves against cervical cancer is to have the HPV vaccine when aged 12–13 years, and then have regular Pap tests once they are 18, or 2 years after first sexual contact, whichever comes latest. So women who become sexually active at 21 should have a Pap test at 23. The incidence of cervical cancer is more than two times higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women than non-Indigenous women and the mortality rate is five times higher than in nonIndigenous women THE HPV VACCINE Gardasil is a vaccine which has been developed to protect against the two high-risk HPV types (types 16 and 18), which cause 70% of cervical cancers in women and 90% of all HPV-related cancers in men. This vaccine also tends to protect against two low-risk HPV types (types 6 and 11), which cause 90% of genital warts. Gardasil is used in the school-based National HPV Vaccination Program. The another type of vaccine which is called as Cervarix is available, and it protects against the same two high-risk HPV types (types 16 and 18). Unlike Gardasil it does not protect against low-risk HPV types which cause genital warts. This is being recommended by certain doctors instead of Gardasil. Over 97 million doses of Gardasil have been given safely, in over 120 countries around the world. http://www.hpvvaccine.org.au/ Would Give lot of information based on vaccine HPV TYPES The HPV types that can infect the genital tract are of many types. They are further divided into ‘High Risk’ and ‘Low Risk’ types. “Low Risk”Types “High Risk”Types Can cause pre-cancer or cancer of the cervix May not have any symptoms Can cause warts May not have any symptoms HPV detected today could have been acquired years ago. All types may go away on their own, but there is no way to predict if the types you may have will go away. The High Risk HPV Types There are over 100 types of HPV that contaminate humans. This vaccine only defends against 4 ‘High Risk’ types of the over 100 HPV types. Although these 4 types is the source for the majority of cervical cancer, it is important to understand the vaccine will not protect you against all HPV types. This is the major cause why the vaccine will not replace a Pap test. HPV Symptoms While most women will be exposed to HPV, there are generally no indications for the HPV types that cause cancer. If you have some symptoms related to your gynecological organs (examples : pain, irregular bleeding or discharge) it is unlikely that it is due to HPV and you need to discuss this with your health care provider. The Cervical Cancer Vaccine The cervical cancer vaccine (also called the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine or HPV vaccine) protects you from getting infected with the ‘High Risk’ HPV types that cause 70% of cervical cancer. The vaccine also provides protection against the HPV types that cause 90% of cervical warts. Cervical Cancer Vaccine Benefits While it is very exciting to have a vaccine that prevents cervical cancer, not everyone will have the same benefits or results. The benefits from the vaccine depend on your prior HPV exposure. The more HPV exposure you have had, the less likely the vaccine will work for you. The risk of HPV exposure increases with sexual activity. Previous HPV exposure If you are already chronically infected with the ‘High Risk’ HPV types that the vaccine specifically targets, the vaccine will have minimal or no effect on you. The vaccine does not work to eliminate current chronic HPV infections, it only prevents you from getting specific types of HPV infection in the future. WHAT ABOUT HPV TESTING ? Currently, there is no FDA approved test to see if you have the HPV types that this vaccine targets. You should not get the HPV test before vaccination because it will not help decide whether or not you should get the vaccine. Abnormal Pap Tests If you have ever had an abnormal Pap result, you have likely been exposed to HPV and may be chronically infected with HPV. While you can still receive the vaccine, the vaccine is not likely to be as effective. Older than 26 The vaccine is not FDA approved for women over the age of 26 nor is it approved for men. Since there is no proven benefit in HPV vaccination for women over 26, your insurance carrier may not pay for the vaccine. Regular Pap tests and gynecology visits will still effectively reduce your risk for cervical cancer. Side Effects of the Vaccine The risks of receiving the vaccine are minimal and similar to other vaccines. The most common reported side effects are: Redness and soreness where the shot is given. Headaches (like when you have a cold or fever). Fever. If you become pregnant soon, there may be risks to your unborn fetus. Who should NOT receive the vaccine You should not receive the vaccine today if you are: Very Sick Allergic to Yeast Pregnant Trying to become pregnant Follow-up after vaccination You must continue to get regular Pap test follow-up. Even though you have been vaccinated, you should still practice safe sex (condom use) or abstinence to protect yourself from HPV infection and infections that are transmitted through sex. Additional Vaccinations The cervical cancer vaccination is given over 3 visits. Today Vaccination 1 Today, then in about 2 months and then in about 4 months. It is not known at this time Month 2 Vaccination 2 whether booster shots will be Month 6 needed. Vaccination 3 Please make the additional vaccination appointments before Vaccination Complete you leave. Follow-up Pap tests Fig 2 Positive predictive values (95% confidence intervals) for ovarian cancer for individual risk markers and for pairs of risk markers in combination (against background risk of 0.04%). Hamilton W et al. BMJ 2009;339:bmj.b2998 ©2009 by British Medical Journal Publishing Group