Transcript Lecture PowerPoint

Types of Speeches
• Informative
• Persuasive
• Special Occasion
General Purposes
To Inform
To Persuade
To Entertain
Goals of Informative Speaking
• Enhance Understanding
• Maintain Interest
• To be Remembered
Types of Informative Speeches
Objects: Anything visible, tangible, stable in
form
Processes / Procedures:
How to do Something / How something works
People: Biography
Events: Anything that happens or is
happening
Ideas / Concepts: Beliefs, Theories, Notions
See Table on pp. 207-208
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Understanding
1. Define Ideas Clearly
– Define By Example
– Operational Definitions
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Understanding
2. Use Principles and Techniques of Adult
Learning (Andragogy)
– Give Information Listeners Can Use
Immediately
– Actively Involve Listeners in the Learning
Process
– Relate Content to Listeners’ Own
Experiences
– Explain Relevancy to the Listeners’ Needs
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Understanding
3. Clarify Complex Processes
– Analogies (Comparisons) and Models
– Word Pictures (Form Mental Images)
– Vivid Descriptions (More Detailed Than a
Definition – Answers Who, What,
Where, Why and When)
4. Use Effective Visual Reinforcement
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Interest
1. Establish a Motive for Listening
2. Tell a Story
Include: Conflict, Action, Suspense,
Humor
3. Present Information that Relates
to Listeners
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Recall
1. Build in Redundancy
– Repeat Key Points
– Use signposting and internal previews &
summaries
2. Pace Your Information Flow
– Balance the content – Do not overwhelm
the audience
Strategies to Enhance Audience
Recall
3. Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally
– Verbal Spotlights
4. Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally
– Use gestures, vocal variety and
movement to enhance content
Persuasion Defined
The Process of Changing or Reinforcing:
– Attitudes
– Beliefs
– Values
– Behaviors
Evidence and Credibility
are Key Factors
Types of Persuasive Speeches
• Speeches to Influence Thinking
• Speeches to Motivate Action
Propositions / Questions of:
• Fact: True / False
• Value: Right/Wrong, Good/Bad
• Policy: Fact + Value + Solution
(Need-Plan-Practicality)
Persuasion vs. Manipulation
• Persuasion involves convincing members of
an audience to agree of their own free will
• Manipulation - involves shrewd or devious
management of facts for the speaker's own
purpose.
Targets of Persuasion:
1. Affective – Change in attitude
2. Cognitive - change in belief - goal is a
degree of certainty
3. Behavioral - performance of some action or
the abstention from action - the goal is the
most desired result
4. Behavioral Intent - an observational
change with a promise for future action.
The more you target, the more you
persuade.
Motivational Appeals
• Sanctions – Rewards or Punishment
– Emotional Appeals
• Positive: hope, joy, pride, love
• Negative: fear, envy, disgust, contempt
– Fear Appeals
• Needs - Appeals to Human
Motivations and Values
• Rationales – Logic and Reasoning
How to Motivate Listeners
• Use Positive Motivation
– Know that listeners value
– Appeal to those values
– Translate into benefits
• Use Negative Motivation (fear appeals)
– Direct at loved ones
– The threat must be perceived as being
real
– Credibility of the speaker is important
Special Occasion Speeches
• Speeches of:
– Introduction
– Presentation
– Acceptance
• Commemorative Speeches (Tribute)
• After-Dinner Speeches
Topic Selection
Topic Selection Steps
• Choose Your Topic
(Select and Narrow)
• Determine Your General Purpose
• Determine Your Specific Purpose
• Phrase Your Central Idea (Thesis)
Select and Narrow Your Topic
Guidelines For Selecting A Topic
• Consider the Audience
– Interests
– Experiences
– Knowledge
• Consider the Occasion
• Consider Yourself
Tips for Selection
Focus on Audience and Occasion
Appropriateness
Consider:
• Your Knowledge and Experiences
• Your Expertise / Training
• What You Want to Know More About
• What Is Not Overdone
• What Is Timely/Timeless
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Human Needs
Self-Actualization
Self-Esteem
Social / Love
Safety and Security
Physiological / Survival
Other Considerations
• Match Your Own Personality / Style
• Universal Interest
• Appeal to Both Genders
• Not Overdone in the Media
• Have Solid Support and Structure
Strategies for Topic Selection
• Brainstorming
• Literature Search
• Listening
• Scanning Web Directories
Sample Narrowing of a Topic
Cancer
Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer Treatments
The Latest Development in The
Treatment of Skin Cancer
General Purposes
To Inform
To Persuade
To Entertain
The Specific Purpose
and Central Idea
Specific Purpose: The precise goal the
speaker wants to achieve
The Central Idea (Thesis Statement):
The key concept of the speech
Specific Purpose
• Use Precise Language
• Limit the Purpose to a Single Idea
• The Purpose Must Meet the Audience’s
Needs
To inform my audience about the
latest treatment for skin cancer.
Develop Your Central Idea/Thesis
• A Complete Declarative Sentence
(An Assertion/ Claim)
There is an amazing new treatment
available for individuals who have been
diagnosed with skin cancer.
• Use Specific Language
• Keep to A Single Idea
• Be Audience-Centered (Appropriate)
Central Idea Writing
Specific Purpose:
To inform my audience about the latest development
in the treatment of skin cancer.
Central Idea:
There is an amazing new treatment available for
individuals who have been diagnosed with skin
cancer.
Preview Statement:
To better understand this new treatment, we will
look first at its development, second at how the
treatment works to fight the cancer and finally at
the plans to implement this treatment throughout
the United States.
Developing Main Points
• Does the Central Idea Have Logical
Divisions?
• Can You Establish Reasons the Central Idea
Is True
• Can You Support the Central Idea With
Specific Steps